Paragraph Writing ( HSC English )

 

Paragraph Writing

Composition is an art of composing. It is an exercise in writing by one who is learning a language. It should not be very lengthy and exhaustive. Its purpose is to develop the students' skill in logical thinking and in organizing materials. Composition includes paragraph, report, dialogue, story, letter, short essay etc.

A paragraph is a group of related sentences which deal with a central idea. একটি paragraph-এ শুধু একটি মাত্র central idea থাকে। যদি একাধিক ceritral idea থাকে তাকে paragraph বলা যাবে না। একটি সুলিখিত

paragraph এ তিনটি অংশ থাকে।

 1. Topic sentence 2. Body  3. Conclusion

1. The topic sentence: সাধারণত paragraph শুরু হয় topic sentence দিয়ে। Paragraph-এর মূল বিষয়বস্তু ও তার দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির উল্লেখ থাকে topic sentence-এ।

2. The body of the paragraph: এ অংশে ব্যাখ্যা ও প্রমাণসহ topic sentence-এর বিস্তার ঘটান হয়। তাই এ অংশের sentence-গুলোকে topic sentence এর সাথে সম্পর্কযুক্ত হতে হয়।

3. Conclusion: প্রত্যেকটি আদর্শ paragraph-এর শেষে একটি সুন্দর conclusion থাকা প্রয়োজন। এ অংশে মূলত topic sentence এ উল্লেখিত মূল বক্তব্যটি অন্যভাবে পুনরুল্লেখ করা হয়।

Paragraph-এর body-কে develop করার জন্য বিভিন্ন কলাকৌশল ব্যবহার করা হয়। এ কলাকৌশল ব্যবহারের ধরন নিম্নে আলোচনা করা হলো-

List Paragraph

List paragraph এমন এক ধরনের paragraph যা তালিকাভুক্ত করণের কৌশল (technique of listing) প্রয়োগ করে লেখা হয়। এ ধরনের paragraph লেখার সময় কি কি items ব্যবহার করতে হবে তার একটি তালিকা মনে মনে ঠিক করে নিতে হয়। তবে সেক্ষেত্রে item কতগুলো হবে তার কোন ধরাবাঁধা নিয়ম নেই। যেমন- যদি একজন ভাল শিক্ষক (A good teacher) সম্পর্কে paragraph লেখা তা হলে যে item-গুলো নিয়ে paragraph টি লেখা হবে তার তালিকা নিম্নরূপে লেখা যেতে পারে-

1. handsome and attractive figure

2. pleasing voice

3. amicable behaviour

4. good delivery

5. strong personality

List paragraph লেখার সময় সাধারণতঃ যে সমস্ত linkers ব্যবহার করা হয় তা হলো- first of all, fisrtly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, finally, moreover, as well, besides, another, still another ইত্যাদি।

1.    Your Favourite Teacher [C. B. 2023]

I have come across many teachers. I respect all of my teachers. I am also grateful to have them in my life. But Mr. Anisur Rahman is my favourite teacher. He teaches us English. He is an M.A. In English from Dhaka University. He is also trained in English language teaching. He is a young man. He is 32 with good health. He has many good qualities. Firstly, he is a brilliant scholar with an excellent academic career. Secondly, his methocl of teaching is very much attractive and effective. When he takes his class, all the students listen to him with great attention. He makes our lessons interesting to us. Thirdly, he has a strong, clear, and pleasant voice. Every day he teaches the students in a new style. He can make any grammatical problems easy. I love the way he teaches us. Moreover, his pronunciation is very well and he speaks English with a foreign accent. In his class. he creates an English learning environment. We never feel boring in class. Rather we feel encouraged in his class. He is very well-behaved and co-operative. If arly student fails to understand any English grammatical problem, then he helps the students to understand it. He always encourages us to learn new things. Because of all his extraordinary qualities, he is my favourite teacher. I am really impressed by him.

Word meaning: come across (ph) হঠাৎ দেখতে পাওয়া বা সাক্ষাৎ হওয়া, grateful (adj) কৃতজ্ঞ, favourite (adj) প্রিয়, trained (adj) প্রশিক্ষিত, language (n) ভাষা, young (adj) কম বয়সী, তরুণ, qualities (n) গুণাবলী, brilliant (adj) উজ্জ্বল, দীপ্তিমান, scholar (n) পন্ডিত, excellent (adj) চমৎকার, উত্তম, academic (adj) কেতাবী, career (n) কর্মজীবন, পেশা, বৃত্তি, method (n) পদ্ধতি, ধারা, attractive (adj) আকর্ষণীয়, effective (adj) - কার্যকর, ফলপ্রসু, attention (n) মনোযোগ, interesting (adj) চিত্তাকর্ষক, pleasant (adj) আনন্দদায়ক, আরামপ্রদ, pronunciation (n) উচ্চারণ, foreign (adj) বিদেশী, accent (n) উচ্চারণভঙ্গি, environment (n) -পরিবেশ, পরিমন্ডল, boring (adj) বিরক্তিকর, ক্লান্তিকর, encouraged (adj) উৎসাহিত, co-operative (adj) -সহযোগিতামূলক, encourage (v) উৎসাহিত করা, extraordinary (adj) অসাধারণ, বিস্ময়কর, impressed (adj) -মুগ্ধ, প্রভাবিত।.

Example Paragraph

Topic sentence-এর main idea-কে কেন্দ্র করে example ব্যবহার করে যে paragraph লেখা হয় তাকে Example Paragraph বলে। এক্ষেত্রে topic sentence-টিতে একটি সাধারণ statement (general statement) থাকে।

Examples-এর মাধ্যমে paragraph-টি develop করা হয়।

এক্ষেত্রে যে সমস্ত Connectors / Linkers ব্যবহার করা হয় তা হলো- and, for example, another example, still another example for instance, another instance, still another instance, also, moreover, furthermore, that is, in other words, again, besides.

2.Air pollution

Air is the most important elerhent of our environment. No creature can live a single moment without air. It is called the life giving force. Clean air is essential for life but polluted air is very harmful. When air contains more carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other harmful gases, it is known ás air pollution. Human civilization is under threat today due to air pollution. There are many reasons for air pollution. Firstly, the smoke of mills and factories is responsible for air pollution. Secondly, the burning of fossil fuels by mills and factories, brickfields, railway engines and powerhouses is also responsible for it. Thirdly, melting tar and pitch for road construction causes air pollution. Moreover, using of petrol and diesel, buses, trucks and cars create smoke and cause air pollution. The problem caused by air pollution is worldwide. It contaminates the atmosphere, damages buildings and historical monuments, harrns the health of the people, and causes respiratory diseases and increases gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The problem is going out of control day by day. But to ensure a healthier and happier life, we should control air pollution. We cannot solve the problem fully, but we should find the way to minimize it. The government must come forward to minimize the problem. We should increase public awareness so that we can reduce air pollution.

Word meaning: element (n) উপাদান, environment (n) পরিবেশ, পরিমন্ডল, creature (n) প্রাণী, সৃষ্টি, essential (adj)- অপরিহার্য, অত্যাবশ্যক, polluted (adj) দূষিত, harmful (adj) ক্ষতিকর, contain (v) 'ধারণ করা, pollution (n) দূষণ, human (adj) মানব, মানবীয়, civilization (n) সভ্যতা, threat (n) হুমকি, smoke (n) - ধোঁয়া, responsible (adj) দায়ী, burning (adj) জ্বলন্ত, brickfields (n) ইটখোলা, melting (adj) -গলনশীল, তরল, গলানো, construction (n) নির্মাণ, worldwide (adj) বিশ্বব্যাপী, পৃথিবীব্যাপী, contaminate (v) -দূষিত করা, atmosphere (n) আবহমন্ডল, বায়ুমন্ডল, damage (v) ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত করা, historical (adj) – ঐতিহাসিক, monuments (n) স্মৃতিস্তম্ভ, respiratory (adj) শ্বাসযন্ত্রের, নিঃশ্বাস প্রশ্বাস সম্পর্কিত, increase (v) বৃদ্ধি করা বা পাওয়া, বাড়া বা বাড়ানো, বর্ধিত করা বা হওয়া, ensure (v) নিশ্চিত করা, control (v) নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, minimize (v) - হ্রাস করা, কমানো, awareness (n) সচেতনতা, সর্তকতা, reduce (v)- হ্রাস করা, কমানো।

Comparison F'aragraph

যে paragraph-এ দুটি বিষয়ের মধ্যে সাদৃশ্য বুঝাতে তুলনা করা হয় তাকে comparison paragraph বলে। এ জাতীয় paragraph লিখতে যে সমস্ত connectors/Linkers ব্যবহৃত হয় তা হলো-

similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same mariner, also, too and others

1. Christianity and Islam

2. Fax and e-mail

3. Eid and christmas day

4. Pahela Baisakh and Pahela Falgon

The Comparison and Contrast Paragraph

যে paragraph-এ কোন একটি বিষয়ে সাদৃশ্য ও বৈসাদৃশ্য একই সাথে বুঝানো হয় তাকে The comparison and contrast paragraph বলে। এক্ষেত্রে topic sentence-এ সীদৃশ্য ও বৈসাদৃশ্য এ দুটো ধারণারই উল্লেখ থাকে। এ জাতীয়, paragraph লিখতে যে সমস্ত Linkers / Connectors ব্যবহার করা হয় তা হলো-

 

3. Islam and Christianity

Islam and Christianity are two of the major religions of the world. Though the two religions are different from one another, they share several basic beliefs and practices. The people of the two religions pray to the same deity whom the Muslims call Allah and the Christian call God. The Muslims have a holy book-the Quran. In the same way the Christians have also a holy book the Bible. The Muslims read the holy Quran to gain religious knowledge. They try not only to mould their characters but also to lead their lives according to the guidelines of the holy Quran. Likewise the Christians also read the Bible to gain religious knowledge and try to lead their lives on the basis of the knowledge of the Bible. The holy Quran is the complete code of life for the Muslims of the whole world. In the same way the Bible is the complete code of life for the Christians. Hazrat Muhammad (Sm.) is the Prophet of the Muslims. In the same manner Jesus Christ is the Prophet of the Christians. All the Muslims believe in the holy Quran, in the sayings of the five pillars of Islam. The Muslims also believe that Islam is their religion. Similarly the Christians believe the sayings of Jesus Christ and the ten commandments. The Muslims believe in the final judgment day. The Christians also have the same faith. Besides, there are many other similarities between the people of two religions.

Word Meaning: deity দেবদেবী; mould ছাঁচ, কাঠামো; likewise commandment - ধর্মীয় অনুশাসন; judgment - বিচার। অনুরূপভাবে; basis ভিত্তি, বুনিয়াদ;

 

4. My Father and Mother

Parents are a great gift in one's life. We cannot imagine our life without them. When we grow up, they help us to learn everything about the world. We learn our first word from our mother. I have amazing father and mother. My mother's name is Dilruba Khatum and my father's name is Arifur Rahman. Both of them come from respectable families. They hail from the same district. Both of them are educated. My father is a doctor and he works in a hospital. My mother is a teacher serving in a local primary school. They are sincere to their professions. Both of my parents love me very much. They are very affectionate and advise me on what to do and what not to do. They also teach us to be respectful and thankful to our elders and others who help me. Moreover, they help me to grow into better individual. Again, both of my father and mother possess good qualities. They are soft-spoken, witty, pious and mild in their behaviour. They go to their work places in the morning and return home in the evening. They like traveling very much. Whenever they find time, they take me to various places of scenic beauty and places of historical interest. I am really proud of both of my father and mother.

Word meaning: parents (n) পিতামাতা, imagine (v) কল্পনা করা, আন্দাজ করা, ভাবা, amazing (adj) অবাক

করা, বিস্ময়কর, আচর্যজনক, চমকপ্রদ, respectable (adj) সম্ভ্রান্ত, খ্যাতিমান, সম্ভ্রমশালী, serve (v) চাকুরী করা, local (adj) স্থানীয়, sincere (adj) আন্তরিক, নিষ্ঠাবান, profession (n) পেশা, affectioriate (adj) স্নেহময়, স্নেহশীল, advise (v) উপদেশ দেয়া, পরামর্শ দেয়া, respectful (adj) শ্রদ্ধাশীল, possess (v) অধিকারী হওয়া, দখল রাখা, qualities (n) - গুণাবলী, soft-spoken (adj) মৃদুভাষী, witty (adj) বিচক্ষণ, বিজ্ঞ, বিদগ্ধ, pious (adj) - ধার্মিক, behaviour (n) - আচরণ, historical (adj) - ঐতিহাসিক।

The Contrast Paragraph

বৈপরীত্য বুঝাতে তুলনা ব্যবহার করে যে Paragraph লেখা হয় তাকে contrast paragraph বলে। এ জাতীয় paragraph লিখতে যে সমস্ত connectors/Linkers ব্যবহার করা হয় তা হলো-

but, however, nevertheless, unlike, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead, while, whereas, in contrast, unlike, and so on.

5. Differences between Bangladeshi and Western Music

Each and every country has its own culture. They can't be superseded by the culture of another country. So, it's quite natural that there are some basic differences between Bangladeshi and Western music. The differences are very much distinct. In theme and melody, our songs are pole apart from western music. Our songs especially the Nazrul Sangeet, Rabindra Sangeet, traditional songs are very much, graceful and refined. But the Western music is very much vulgar. Musical instruments are used more in the Western music. On the other hand ours are melodious and musical instruments are used less. The western singers use metallic sound, whereas we don't. The significant difference is that individual love is the theme of Western music. That love is only the love of the lovers. On the contrary the theme of our song is also love but it's quite different from the Western music. Love as the theme of our song is  for lovers, for parents, for our motherland and last of all for Allah. The western song has hardly any appeal. In contrast our song has a great appeal and it touches our heart. In a word, a country can't sacrifice her own identity and culture with another country. The cultural differences were in the past, have been in the present and will be in the future.

6. Eating Habit of the Rural and Urban People of Bangladesh

The rural people in Bangladesh usually have their meals in the morning, at noon and at night. The urban people also take three meals a day. But there are some differences in their eating habits. Rural people are in the habit of eating heavy meal. The rural people eat more. On the contrary the urban people do not depend on heavy food. They also eat less than the rural people. The rural people usually eat rice and gur or rice with some other food items for breakfast. They eat much because they work in the fields. They do not eat anything before lunch. They also eat chira, khai and muri at breakfast, On the other hand the urban people take bread vegetables etc. Again, some take parata and egg and some take loaves and banana. Those who are old take little breakfast. The rural people usually eat rice and one or two curries for lunch. They can't bear the expenses of so many items like the urban people. The urban people are used to taking eat, rice, curry, fish, vegetables, meat, dal etc. for lunch. Sometimes polao or biriani is cooked on occasions. The dinner of the rural people is just like the lunch. By contrast the dinner items of the urban people are like the lunch items. But nowadays urban people take their main meal at night returning their residence after evening. The urban people also take fast food like burger, sandwiches, noodles, pizza, potato chips, vegetables rolls etc. They also eat Thai or Indian or Chinese food. A change is also noticed in drink habit of the urban people. In urban area people take ice cream and soft drinks as drink. However, there are some differences in the food habit and meal times of the rural and the urban people in Bangladesh.

 

Definition Paragraph

যে paragraph-এ কোন একটি বিষয়ের সংজ্ঞা ব্যাখ্যা ও বর্ণনা দেয়া হয় তাকে Definition Paragraph. বলে। এ জাতীয় paragraph-এ প্রথম sentence-এ যে কোন একটি term-এর সংজ্ঞা প্রকাশ করা হয় এবং পরে যুক্তির মাধ্যমে তার ব্যাখ্যা করা হয় এবং শেষের sentence-এ মূল বিষয়ের সারাংশ লেখা হয়।

7. Democracy

The term 'democracy' is a combination of Greek word 'Demos' and 'Kratos'. 'Demos' refers to people and 'Kratos' refers to rule. So democracy means 'people's rule' or rule by the people. It is a form of government in which people are governed by their own elected representatives. It is a government of the people, for the people and by the people. In this system of government, it is the people who are supreme power. They elect their representatives. They control the government. Even the government cannot do anything against the choice and interest of the people and is always accountable to the people for its actions. At present, democracy is thought to be the best form of government in the modern world. It secures the wealth and prosperity of the people and gives, them the political right. In democracy, people have the freedom to express their views, they have the right to criticize and protest against the government. The presence of opposition parties is important in a democratic state. This ensures the direct. participation of the people in running the government. The success of democracy depends on the active role of ruling party and opposition party. Democracy is incomplete unless the people have the choice to choose out of diverse political parties and programmes for national welfare.

Word meaning: democracy (n) গণতন্ত্র, combination (n) সংমিশ্রণ, সমাহার, refer to (v) (বক্তা বা বক্তব্য ইত্যাদি সম্বন্ধে) নির্দেশ করা, উল্লেখ করা, উদ্দেশ্য করে বলা, government, (n) সরকার, representative (n) প্রতিনিধি, system (n) পদ্ধতি, supreme (adj) সর্বোচ্চ, চরম, elect (v) নির্বাচিত করা, choice (n) পছন্দ, accountable (adj) দায়ী, কৈফিয়ত দিতে বাধ্য, secure (v) নিশ্চিত করা, সুরক্ষিত/নিরাপদ করা, prosperity (n) সমৃদ্ধি, উন্নতি, political (adj) রাজনৈতিক, freedom (n) স্বাধীনতা, মুক্তি, express (v) প্রকাশ করা, ব্যক্ত করা, স্পষ্টভাবে বর্ণনা করা, criticize (v) সমালোচনা করা, protest (v) প্রতিবাদ করা, presence (n) উপস্থিতি, opposition (n) -বিরোধিতা, বিরোধী দল, ensure (v) নিশ্চিত করা, নিরাপদ করা, আশ্বস্ত করা, participation (n) অংশগ্রহণ, incomplete (adj) অসম্পূর্ণ, diverse (adj) বিভিন্ন, বিচিত্র, বিবিধ, welfare (n) কল্যাণ, মঙ্গল।

8. Snatching (ছিনতাই)

Snatching refers to snatching away money or ornaments or valuable things from passers-by and passengers by using force or at gun point. Everyday we find the news of many snatchings in all the dailies of our country. It seems that the snatchers are the monarchs of all they survey. So it has become very risky to move alone in the road. If the snatchers do not find anything valuable with the person they attack, he or she is either stabbed or killed. They use knives, bombs, guns or any kind of weapon. Though the victim cries for help, the nearby people or the police force do not go forward to help the victims. If the snatchings face any kind of trouble, they explode bombs or shoot, create panic and disperse people and safely they make their way after snatching. There are many reasons behind snatching. Firstly our socio-economic condition is the root cause of snatchings. Again those wro are addicted in gambling, drinking and drug taking do it to manage money for their addiction, It is a great problem for our country. So stern action and necessary measures should be taken to set punishment for the snatchers so that people can move freely and easily.

Word Meaning: snatching (n) ছিনতাই; ornaments (n) অলংকারাদি; valuable things মূল্যবান জিনিস; passer-by (n) পথচারী; passenger (n) যাত্রী; force (n) জোর; at gun point অস্ত্রের মুখে; monarch (n) রাজত্ব; risky (adj.) ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ; alone (adj.) একাকি; valuable (n) মূল্যবান; attack (v) আক্রমণ করা; stab (v) - ছুরিঘাত করা; knive (n) ছুরি; weapon (n) অস্ত্র; nearby people নিকটে অবস্থিত মানুষ; victim (n) শিকার; trouble (n) সমস্যা; explode (v) ফোটান; create panic আতঙ্ক সৃষ্টি করে; disperse (v) ছত্রভঙ্গ করা; safely (adv.) নিরাপদে; reason (n) কারণ; socio-economic condition আর্থ-সামাজিক অবস্থা; root cause - মূল কারণ; addicted to gambling জুয়া খেলায় আসক্তি; drug (n) মাদক; manage (v) জোগার করা; necessary measure প্রয়োজনীয় ব্যবস্থা; so that (phr.) যাতে করে; freely (adv.) মুক্তভাবে; easily (adv.) সহজভাবে।

9. Eve Teasing. (নারী উত্যক্তকরণ) [D. B. 2011, C. B. 2012)

Eve teasing in recent days has become a great problem for the common people. Most of the time school and college going girls fall a victim to Eve-teasing. Three or four teenager boys or even more grown up boys are seen standing at the corner of the road. They wear strange fashionable dress and long hair. Some of them smoke. When they see any young girl or woman passing by, they pass comments towards them. At this the girls or women feel very embarrassed and dishonoured. Eve-teasers even do not hesitate to tease the mother of a girl. As a result, situation has become very difficult for girls. If anyone protests Eve-teasing, the teasers become violent and threaten the person who protests. They even threaten the girls to death or physical torture. In this regard, it is very difficult to tolerate the situation. Girls are afraid of going out. They even feel insecured to go to schools and colleges. Government has become quite aware of stopping this malpractice. Government has already empowered mobile courts to stop eve-teasing. Anyone, convicted of harassment of stalking of women will face a year in jail or a fine about 70 dollars or both. The mobile court has given authority to give punishment to the eve-teasers at orice. Education Ministry has also initiated with the declaration that 13 June as the Eve-Teasing Protection Day which is encouraged to protect this social evil.

Word Meaning: teasing (n) উত্যক্তকরণ; recent (adj.) সাম্প্রতিক; problem (n) সমস্যা; most of the time অধিকাংশ সময়; fall a victim শিকার হয়; at the corner of the road বাস্তার এক কোনায়; wear (v) পরিধান করা; strange (adj.) অদ্ভুত; fashionable dress কেতাদূরস্ত পোশাক; long hair লম্বা চুল; smoke (v) ধূমপান করা; comment (v) মন্তব্য করা; feel (v) অনুভব করা; embarrassed (adj.) বিব্রত; dishonoured (adj.) -অসম্মানিত; hesitate (v) দ্বিধাগ্রস্ত হওয়া; to tease (inf.) উৎত্তক্ত করা; as a result (ph.) ফলশ্রুতিতে; situation (n) পরিস্থিতি; protest (v) প্রতিবাদ করা; violent (adj.) হিংস্র; threaten (v) ভয় দেখানো; physical torture শারীরিক নির্যাতন; in this regard (ph.) এ ব্যাপারে; tolerate (v) সহ্য করা; afraid of (ph.) ভীত; insecured (adj.) নিরাপত্তাহীন; aware of (ph.) সতর্ক; malpractice (n) অপকর্ম; empower (v) ক্ষমতায়ন করা; mobile court চলমান আদালত; convict (v) দোষী সাব্যস্ত করা; harassment (n) উৎপীড়ন, হয়রানী; will face (v) মুখোমুখি হওয়া; authority (n) ক্ষমতা; punishment (n) শাস্তি; at once (ph.) তাৎক্ষণিক; initiate (v) -উদ্যোগ গ্রহণ করা; declaration (v) ঘোষণা; protection (n) নিরাপত্তা; encourage (v) উৎসাহিত করা; social (adj.) সামাজিক।

 

10. Dowry

(Dnj. B. 2012, R. B. 2009, J. B. 2003, R. B. 2013, B. B. 2019)

Dowry means property or money brought by a bride to her husband when they marry. Usually in our society female children are considered inferior to male children. They are thought to be of no use to the family. So, during marriage ceremony a section of greedy people claim much wealth or money from the guardians of the brides. The poor and illiterate girls mainly become the victims of dowry. If the guardians fail to fulfil the demand of their bridegroom, they misbehave with their wives and sometimes torture them seriously. As a result many of them get divorced or commit suicide or are killed by their husbands. This system has affected our whole society. At present a father cannot think of the marriage of his daughter without giving dowry to the bridegroom. I am dead against this evil system of the society. This evil system should be uprooted from the society immediately. This social curse can be eliminated by changing the outlook of the people especially the male members of the society and by taking strict legal measures against the persons who take dowry.

Word Meaning: dowry (n) যৌতুক; property (n) সম্পদ; bride (n) বর; female children (n) নারী শিশু;

 

Is considered (v) বিরেচনা করা হয়; inferior (adj.) নিম্নতর, কম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ; male children (n) পুরুষ শিশু; during marriage ceremony বিবাহের সময়; claim (v) দাবী করে; guardian (n) অভিভাবক; illiterate (n) -নিরক্ষর; mainly (adv.) প্রধানত; victim of dowry যৌতুকের শিকার; fail (v) ব্যর্থ হওয়া; fulfil (v) পূরণ করা; misbehave (v) দুর্ব্যবহার করা; seriously (adv.) মারাত্মকভাবে; as a result (phr.) ফলশ্রুতিতে; commit suicide আত্মহত্যা করে; has affected আক্রান্ত করেছে; at present (adv.) বর্তমানে; dead against ঘোর বিরোধী; evil system খারাপ ব্যবস্থা; uproot (v) মূলোৎপাটন করা; immediately (adv.) খুব শীঘ্র; curse (n) -অভিশাপ; can be eliminated (v) অপসারণ করতে পারা যায়; outlook (adj.) দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি; especially (adv.) -বিশেষ করে; legal measure আইনানুগত ব্যবস্থা।

11. Drug addiction (C. B. 2016, C. B. 2017, Dnj. B. 2022]

Drug addiction refers to irresistible attraction for taking harmful drugs. Normally it is formed as a bad habit of using non-prescribed medicine. Opium, Heroin, Morphine, Yaba, Phensidyl, etc. are the main drugs taken in our country. Drug addiction is a serious problem. People become addicted to drugs for many reasons. Frustration is one of them. Some young people take drugs to forget their failures in life. Sometimes, evil company and liking for evil things lead one to drug addiction. Furthermore, some very rich people are reckless in life and take drugs as a means of enjoyment. Some young people take drugs as a fashion. Taking drugs is a kind of luxury to them. Drug addiction severely affects our health. It causes cancer, heart disease and other respiratory diseases. It destroys the nerve system of human body. Thus it leads an addict to death. Drug addiction has a bad effect on the society. It causes social and family terrorism like snatching, hijacking, robbery etc. Thus a drug addict is a burden to a family and society. Drug addiction is now spreading all over the world like an infectious disease. It has becorrie a curse for human civilization. We must be aware of its negative impact. Parents and other concerned should also come forward to stop it. It must be stopped. Otherwise, our whole civilization will collapse soon.

Word meaning: addiction (n) আসক্তি, বেঝাঁক, প্রবল আকর্ষণ, refer to (v) (বক্তা বা বক্তব্য ইত্যাদি সম্বন্ধে) নির্দেশ করা, উল্লেখ করা, উদ্দেশ্য করে বলা, irresistible (adj) অপ্রতিরোধ্য, দুর্নিবার, attraction (n) আকর্ষণ, টান, harmful (adj) - ক্ষতিকর, normally (adv) স্বাভাবিকভাবে, non-prescribed (adj) অনির্ধারিত, serious (adj) সাংঘাতিক, ভয়ানক, গুরুতর, frustration (n) হতাশা, বিফলতা, failure (n) ব্যর্থতা, অকৃতকার্যতা, evil company (ph) -অসৎসঙ্গ, reckless (adj) বেপরোয়া, luxury (n) বিলাসিতা, severely (adv) গুরুতরভাবে, কঠোরভাবে, affect (v) - ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত করা, respiratory (adj) শ্বাসযন্ত্রের, নিঃশ্বাস প্রশ্বাস সম্পর্কিত, মাদকাসক্ত ব্যক্তি, effect (v) ফলাফল, প্রভাব, পরিণতি, terrorism (n) (v) - ছড়িয়ে দেয়া, ছড়িয়ে পড়া, বিস্তৃত করা বা হওয়া, infectious (n) (n) - সভ্যতা, aware (adj) সচেতন, অবগত, সতর্ক, impact (n) পড়া। destroy (v) ধ্বংস করা, addict (n) নেশাগ্রস্ত, সন্ত্রাসবাদ, snatching (n) ছিনতাই, spread সংক্রামক, curse (n) অভিশাপ, civilization প্রভাব, ফল, collapse (v) পতিত হওয়া, ভেঙে

The Cause and Effect Paragraph

যে paragraph-এ কোন effect-এর cause বা কারণ উল্লেখ' করা হয় তাকে cause and effect paragraph বলে।

12. Water Pollution (পানি দূষণ) [S. B. 2016]

Water is an important element of our environment. It is essential for human, animal and plant life. No animal or plant can live without it. Pure water saves our life while polluted water is very harmful. We pollute water in many ways. We frequently throw garbages into water. Toxic chemicals of factories are drained off into rivers and canals. Fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides used in cultivation mix with water, and thus water get seriously polluted. Again, unsanitary latrines and unsafe drains cause serious water pollution. Watercrafts like launches, steamers and engine boats contaminate water by dumping oil, food waste and human waste. Water pollution causes a variety of damages. First of all, it causes death of various aquatic animals. Moreover, human health is also severely affected by contaminated water. Cholera, typhoid and hepatitis result from polluted water. Besides, we may have to face a horrible situation due to a lack of drinkable water. Even total food chain can be disrupted by this. So, we need to think about it seriously. If water pollution continues, no living animal will survive. We cannot see the condition prevalent any longer. Therefore, we should take effective measures to prevent water pollution. The government should take necessary steps. Above all, we need to make people more aware of it.

Word meaning: element (n) উপাদান, environment (n) পরিবেশ, পরিমন্ডল, essential (adj) অপরিহার্য, অত্যাবশ্যক, save (v) রক্ষা করা, polluted (adj) দূষিত, harmful (adj) ক্ষতিকর, pollute (v) দূষিত করা, frequently (adv) ঘন ঘন, বারংবার, প্রায়ই, throw (v) নিক্ষেপ করা, garbages (n) আবর্জনা, fertilizer (n) -সার, pesticide (n) কীটনাশক, insecticide (n) কীটনাশক, cultivation (n) চাষ, seriously (adv) সাংঘাতিকভাবে, ভয়ানকভাবে, গুরুতরভাবে, unsanitary (adj) অস্বাস্থ্যকর, unsafe (adj) অনিরাপদ, watercraft (n) জলযান, contaminate (v) দূয়িত করা, dump (v) নামানো, waste (n) বর্জ্য, variety (n) বৈচিত্র, বিচিত্রতা, damage (n) ক্ষতি, various (adj) বিভিন্ন, রকমারি, নানাবিধ, aquatic (adj) জলজ, severely (adv) - গুরুতরভাবে, কঠোরভাবে, affect (v) ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত করা, horrible (adj) ভয়ঙ্কর, ভয়ানক, disrupt (v) ব্যাহত করা, বিপর্যস্ত করা, continue (v) চলতে থাকা, বহাল থাকা, অবিরাম অনুবৃত্তি করা, স্থায়ী থাকা, survive (v) বেঁচে থাকা, টিকে থাকা, prevalent (adj) প্রচলিত, effective (adj) কার্যকর, ফলপ্রসূ, measure (n) পদক্ষেপ, ব্যবস্থা, prevent (v) -প্রতিরোধ করা, ব্যাহত করা, বিরত করা, aware (adj) সচেতন, অবগত, সতর্ক।

Paragraph of Space Order

যে paragraph-এ স্থান সম্পর্কে লেখা হয় তাকে Paragraph of Space Order বলে।

13. Your Home

My home is in a village. It is a brick built house. It looks very beautiful. It faces the south. So the sunshine and fresh air can easily enter the house. It has three bed rooms, a study for me and a small veranda. The kitchen stands on the north and for this smoke can not enter into the house. There is a flower garden in front of my study. It stands on a high road. The river Chitra enhances the beauty of my house as it flows with its murmuring sound just beside the house. So, I am happy to live in such a fine house which is far away from the din and bustle of city life.

Word Meaning: a brick built house ইটের তৈরি বাড়ী; beautiful (adj.) সুন্দর; faces the south দক্ষিণ দিকে মুখ করে; sunshine (n) সূর্যালোক; study (v) পড়া; on the north উত্তর দিকে; smoke (n) ধোঁয়া enter (v) প্রবেশ করা; flower garden (n) ফুল বাগান; in front of (ph.) সামনে; high road বড় রাস্তা; enhance (v) - বৃদ্ধি করা; flow (v) প্রবাহিত হওয়া; murmuring (adj.) কুল কুল শব্দ; beside (adj.) পাশে; far away (ph.)-অনেক দূর।

Paragraph of Time Order

কোন মানুষের জীবনের আলোকে বা কোন ঘটনাবলী সময়ের ধারাবাহিকতা বজায় রেখে যে paragraph লেখা যায় তাকে Paragraph of Time Order বলে।

14. Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa was born on 26th August, 1910. Her father's was an Albanian and he was a builder. She was born in Skopje in Macedonia. She was the third child of her parents. She was very polite and modest. She wanted to be a helping hand to the destitute. At the age of 18 she joined the order of the sisters of our lady of Loreto in Ireland. In 1928 she began her journey to India. In 1931 she began teaching at a Calcutta Girls' School. To make her vision fruitful she founded 'Nirmal Hriday' in 1952. In 1953 she started an orphanage. Then she set up a missionary too. The missionary helped the wounded, the diseased and the helpless. In 1957 she and her missionaries of charity began working with the helpless. She continued all her programmes with the fund she collected from the charity of some wealthy people. As a recognition of her work she got Nobel Prize in 1979. She breathed her last on 5th September 1997 at the age of 87, At her death, the world lost a great woman.

15. Muhammad Yunus

Muhammad Yunus was born in 1940 in Chattogram, the business centre of Eastern Bangladesh. He was the third of 14 children. Educated in Chattogram, he was awarded a full bright scholarship and he received his Ph. D from Vanderbilt University, in U.S.A. In 1972 he became head of the Economics department at Chattogram University. He is the founder and Managing Director of the Grameen Bank. In 1997, Professor Yunus organised the world's first Micro Credit Summit in Washington D. C. Professor Yunus is an economist. He planned to alleviate poverty from the world. He introduced microcredit system among a limited number of poor people and his plan worked. Then he set up a bank, Grameen Bank. Through this bank he worked for the poor and gave financial support to make them self-employed. His programmes succeeded and thousands of poor, powerless people could escape from poverty. They trusted Yunus as a helping hand and he was trusted to be a famous name. His micro-credit brought wealth to the underprivileged of many nations.

Word Meaning business centre ব্যবসা কেন্দ্র; Educated in Chattogram চট্টগ্রামে শিক্ষাপ্রাপ্ত; awarded-প্রদান করা হয়েছিল; scholarship (n) বৃত্তি; founder (n) প্রতিষ্ঠাতা; Managing Director মহাব্যবস্থাপক; economist (n) অর্থনীতিবিদ; alleviate (n) দূর করা; poverty (n) দারিদ্র্য; introduce (v) পরিচয় কারণ; microcredit system ক্ষুদ্র ঋণব্যবস্থা; limted number of poor people সীমিত সংখ্যা দরিদ্র জনগণ; plan (v)-পরিকল্পনা করা; financial (adj.) অর্থনৈতিক; self-employed -আত্মকর্মীভূত; succeed (v) সফল হওয়া; powerless people ক্ষমতাহীন জনগণ; escape (v) চালায়ন করা; trusted (adj.) বিশ্বস্ত; famous (adj.) বিখ্যাত; underprivileged (adj.) -সুবিধাবঞ্চিত।

 

16. Globalisation and Modern Technology [C. B. 2024]

Modern world is basically the world of modern technology. On the other hand, globalisation means connecting the whole world through electronic systems. It means bringing the whole world closer through strengthening business, commerce, education, sports, cultural interaction and exchanging of information and ideas among the nations of the world. Now, we can't think of globalisation without modern technology. In fact, globalisation is something based on a strong technological foundation. Modern technological tools and equipment that facilitate globalisation are computers, internet, television, satellite, email, fax, fiber optic communication etc. Advances in modern technology have revolutionized globally all fields like business, education, culture, sports and international relations. Using modern technology, people are connecting with each other and benefiting each other all over the world. This has led to an explosion of knowledge that is becoming more and more available to the public due to technological advances. Modern technology has enabled job seekers to search for jobs in the country and abroad by updating the information every hour. People are getting any kind of information instantly through computer, email or fax service. Information and communication technology has positively influenced people's habits, preferences, political decisions and social opinions. Modern technology helps increase industrial and agricultural production. So, it is clear that technology and globalization go hand in hand. It is technology that helps us think, act and operate on a global basis. Thus modern technology has brought about a revolutionary change in today's world and materialized the concept of globalisation..

Word meaning: Globalisation and Modern Technology বিশ্বায়ন এবং আধুনিক প্রযুক্তি, Modern world (ph) - আধুনিক বিশ্ব, basically (adv) মূলত, modern technology (ph) আধুনিক প্রযুক্তি, on the other hand (ph) -অন্যদিকে, globalisation (n) বিশ্বায়ন, connecting (v) সংযুক্ত করা, bringing (v) আনয়ন করা, strengthening (v) শক্তিশালী করা, cultural interaction (ph) সাংস্কৃতিক মিথক্রিয়া, exchanging of information and Ideas (ph)- তথ্য ও ধারণার আদান-প্রদান করা, in fact (ph) আসলে, প্রকৃতপক্ষে, strong technological foundation (ph) - শক্তিশালী প্রযুক্তিগত ভিত্তি, equipment (n) সরঞ্জাম, facilitate (v) সহজতর করা, satellite (n) - উপগ্রহ, advances (n) – অগ্রগতি, revolutionized (v) বৈপ্লবিক পরিবর্তন আনা, globally (adv) বিশ্বব্যাপী, international relations (ph)- আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক, explosion of knowledge (ph) জ্ঞানের বিস্ফোরণ, available (adj) সহজলভ্য, প্রাপ্য, enabled (v) সক্ষম করা, job seekers (ph) চাকরিপ্রার্থী, search (v) অনুসন্ধান করা, খোঁজা, instantly (adv) – তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে, communication (n) যোগাযোগ, positively (adv) ইতিবাচকভাবে, influenced (v) -প্রভাবিত করা, preferences (n) পছন্দে অগ্রাধিকার, social opinions (ph) সামাজিক মতামত, increase (v) বৃদ্ধি করা, বাড়ানো, industrial and agricultural production (ph) শিল্প ও কৃষি উৎপাদন, hand in hand (ph)- হাতে হাত মিলিয়ে, হাত ধরে, operate (v) কাজ করা, global basis (ph) বৈশ্বিক ভিত্তি, revolutionary change (ph) -বৈপ্লবিক পরিবর্তন, materialized (v) বাস্তবায়িত করা, concept (n) ধারণা।

17. The Uses and Abuses of Social Media [B. B. 2024]

The present age is the age of science. Science has influenced every walk of life. Today we cannot live even for a while without the use of one or the other of its inventions. Its latest boon to mankind is social networking services or social media. At present social networking services includes Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Myspace and many others. Among them, Facebook is the largest and the most popular social network with over one billion users. These web-based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders. Now we have the opportunity to buy thing without going to market. Besides these, students and teachers can easily get necessary information through social media. They can read books without going to library. Moreover, economists, doctors and other professionals use social media for their professional interest. But it is not without abuse. Many people abuse this blessing by placing information or data that is unacceptable such as pornography. Some others may use it for fraud or theft. Moreover, by using social media excessively and doing chatting with some unknown people just for fun, the youngsters waste their valuable time and harm their eyesight. They also indulge in mischief, which may harm their morals, But social media can become a blessing if it is used rationally and for good purposes.

Word meaning: The Uses and Abuses of Social Media সামাজিক যোগাযোগ মাধ্যমের ব্যবহার এবং অপব্যবহার, present age (ph) বর্তমান যুগ, influenced (v) প্রভাবিত করা, every walk of life (ph) জীবনের প্রতিটি ক্ষেত্র, inventions (n) উদ্ভাবনগুলি, আবিষ্কারসমূহ, latest (adj) সবশেষ, boon (n) আশীর্বাদ, social networking services (ph) সামাজিক নেটওয়াকিং পরিষেবা, social media (ph) সামাজিক মাধ্যম, connect (v) সংযোগ করা, opportunity (n) সুযোগ, সুবিধা, information (n) interest (ph) পেশাগত স্বার্থ, abuse, (n) অপব্যবহার, অত্যধিক, indulge (v) প্রশ্রয় দেওয়া, mischief (n) যুক্তিযুক্তভাবে। তথ্য, professionals (n) পেশাজীবীগণ, professional unacceptable (adj) অগ্রহণযোগ্য, excessively (adv) -অপকর্ম, blessing (n) আশীর্বাদ, rationally (adv)

 

18. My Visit To a Place of Historical Interest (J. B. 2024]

During the last autumn vacation I got an opportunity to visit Bagerhat, a great historical place. The Mazar of Khan Jahan Ali is a fine one storeyed building. It has a beautiful dome. Hazrat Khan Jahan Ali was buried there. The tomb is made of cut out stones. There is a small mosque nearby. A close associate of Khan Jahan Ali was buried outside the tomb. On the night of the full moon of the month of Chaitra a big fair is held beside the Mazar. Many people attend the fair. There is a big tank in front of the Mazar. The local people call it the Dighi of Khan Jahan All. There are some crocodiles in this big tank. I also visited the Satgambuj Mosque. It is a big and beautiful building. The mosque is beautifully decorated. The mosque has great attraction for the tourists and visitors. There is a big dighi near the Satgambuj Mosque. This dighi is called the Ghora Dighi. I visited this Dighi and came to know many things about the social work of Khan Jahan Ali. Bagerhat is really a place of historical interest. I spent eight hours there and saw many historical things and enjoyed myself. I left Bagerhat but the memory still haunts my mind.

Word meaning: autumn শরৎ, vacation (n) ছুটি, opportunity (n) সুযোগ, historical (adj) ঐতিহাসিক, dome (n) গম্বুজ, buried (v) সমাহিত করা, nearby (adj) নিকটস্থ, কাছে, a close associate (ph) একজন ঘনিষ্ঠ সহযোগী, decorated (adj) সাজানো, memory (n) স্মৃতি, the full moon (ph) পূর্ণিমার রাত, attraction (n) – আকর্ষণ, really (adv) সত্যিই, haunts (ph) তাড়া করা। in front of (ph), সামনে,historical interest (ph ঐতিহাসিক আগ্রহ,

19. Premature Marriage in Bangladesh [Dnj. B. 2024]

Marriage is the process of making relationship between two people in a bond. Early / Premature marriage means a wedding between a young boy and a young girl before reaching puberty. The girls of the extreme poverty stricken families both in the slums of the towns and cities and of villages are the victims of early marriage. Their parents fail to afford them education and cannot provide them with jobs. So, these girls often eat up and pass time Idly. This situations force the parents to make them get married. Only poverty plays the key role in early marriage. In the existing socio-cconomic set-up parents are concerned about the marriage of their daughters. Superstitions, social and religions customs, discriminatory attitude towards girls, wrong idea about girls' education are also responsible for early marriage. They become the victims of growing old early. In such a condition of their health, weak baby is born with different complications. So, this destructive practice should be stopped. To stop this practice, I think, the following steps can be taken. No girl should be married off before 18 and a boy before 21. The parents involved in early marriage should be punished. To encourage female education and to discourage early marriage our government has taken some positive steps, such as giving stipends to girls, recruiting more female teachers etc. This will help stopping early marriage.

Word meaning: Premature Marriage in Bangladesh বাংলাদেশে অপ্রাপ্তবয়স্ক বিবাহ, process (n) প্রক্রিয়া, in a bond (ph) একটি বন্ধনে, Early / Premature marriage (ph) বাল্য/ অপ্রাপ্তবয়স্ক বিবাহ, puberty (n) -বয়ঃসন্ধি, extreme (adj) চরম, poverty stricken families (ph) দারিদ্রপীড়িত পরিবার, slums (n) বস্তি, victims (n) শিকার, afford (v) প্রদান করা, provide (v) সরবরাহ করা / দেওয়া, Idly (adv) অলসভাবে, situations (n) পরিস্থিতি, key role (ph) মুখ্য ভূমিকা, existing socio-economic set-up (ph) বিদ্যমান আর্থ-সামাজিক ব্যবস্থা, concerned (adj) উদ্বিগ্ন, superstitions (n) কুসংস্কার, social and religions customs (ph) -সামাজিক ও ধর্মীয় প্রথা, discriminatory attitude (ph) বৈষম্যমূলক মনোভাব, responsible (adj) দায়ী, condition (n) অবস্থা, complications (n) জটিলতা, destructive (adj) ধংসাত্মক, involved (adj) – জড়িত, encourage (v) – উৎসাহিত করা, discourage (v) নিরুৎসাহিত করা, positive (adj) ইতিবাচক, recruiting (v) -নিয়োগ করা।

 

20. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims to create systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning. problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. Al's influence perméates many aspects of daily life, from virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to recommendation algorithms on Netflix and Spotify. In healthcare, Al aids in diagnosing diseases and personalizing treatment plans. In the automotive industry, it powers autonomous vehicles, enhancing safety and efficiency. However, AI also raises significant ethical concerns, such as privacy violations, job displacement, and biases in decision-making processes. Ensuring ethical Al development requires transparent algorithms, accountability, and inclusive data sets to avoid discrimination. As Al continues to evolve, it promises to revolutionize various sectors, driving innovation and economic growth. Nevertheless, it also presents potential risks, including security threats and the loss of human oversight. Balancing Al's benefits and risks necessitates careful regulation and a commitment to developing Al technologies that prioritize human values and societal well-being.

 

Word meaning: Artificial Intelligence (ph) কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা, branch (n) শাখা, systems (n) পদ্ধতি, capable (adj) সক্ষম, performing (v) সম্পন্ন করা, typically (adv) প্রতীকস্বরূপে, সাধারণত, require (v) -দরকার হওয়া, human intelligence (ph) মানুষের বুদ্ধিমত্তা, include (v) অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা, learning (n) শিক্ষা, reasoning (n) যুক্তি, problem-solving (ph) সমস্যা সমাধান, perception (n) উপলব্ধি, বিমূর্ত, কল্পনা; ধারণা, language understanding (ph) ভাষা বোঝা, influence (n) প্রভাব, permeates (v) ছড়িয়ে পড়া, aspects (n)- দিক, পরিপ্রেক্ষিত, daily life (ph) প্রাত্যহিক জীবন, virtual (adj) কম্পিউটারে তৈরি এবং দৃশ্যত বাস্তব হলেও কার্যত অবাস্তব, recommendation (n) সুপারিশ, পরামর্শ, algorithms (n) অ্যালগরিদম (গাণিতিক পরিভাষা), healthcare (n) স্বাস্থ্যসেবা, aids (v) সাহায্য করা, diagnosing diseases (ph) রোগ নির্ণয়, personalizing treatment plans (ph) ব্যক্তিগতকৃত চিকিৎসা পরিকল্পনা, automotive Industry (ph) মোটরগাড়ি শিল্প, autonomous (adj) স্বায়ত্তশাসিত, vehicles (n) যানবাহন, enhancing (v) বৃদ্ধি করা, বাড়ানো, safety (n) -নিরাপত্তা, efficiency (n) দক্ষতা, সক্ষমতা, significant (adj) গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, ethical concerns (ph) নৈতিক সম্পৃক্তি, violations (n) – লঙ্ঘন, ভঙ্গ, displacement (n) স্থানচুতি, biases (v) পক্ষপাতদুষ্ট করা, decision-making (ph)- সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণ, processes (n) জবাবদিহিতা, inclusive (adj) promises (v) প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া, উদ্ভাবন, economic growth (ph) (ph) সম্ভাব্য ঝুঁকি, security (n) প্রক্রিয়া, ethical (adj) নৈতিক, transparent (adj) স্বচ্ছ, accountability (n) -অন্তর্ভুক্ত, discrimination (n) বৈষম্য, evolve (v) বিবর্ধন করা, অভিব্যক্ত করা, revolutionize (v) আমূল পরিবর্তন সাধন করা, বিপ্লব করা, innovation (n) অর্থনৈতিক প্রবৃদ্ধি, nevertheless (ph) সত্ত্বেও, তবুও, তথাপি, potential risks নিরাপত্তা, threats (n) হুমকি, human oversight (ph) মানুষের অনিচ্ছাকৃত ত্রুটি, necessitates (v) - প্রযুক্তি, prioritize (v) সামাজিক মঙ্গল। অপরিহার্য করা, regulation (n) প্রবিধান, commitment (n) অঙ্গীকার, technologies (n) অগ্রাধিকার দেওয়া, human values (ph) মানবিক মূল্যবোধ, societal well-being (ph)

21. Bangabandhu Satellite-1 [C. B. 2019]

The Bangabandhu-1 Satellite is a milestone in scientific research of the country. It is the first Bangladeshi geostationary communications satellite. It is named after the father of the nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. It was launched from the Kennedy Space Centre în Florida, the USA at 2.14 am on May 12, 2018. The project is being implemented by Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC). The satellite is expected to be located at the 119.1° East longitude geostationary slot. It is designed and manufactured by Thales Alenia Space and its launch provider is SpaceX. The total cost of the satellite was projected to be 248 million US dollars. Two ground stations for controlling the satellite have already been built at Joydebpur of Gazipur and Rangamati's Betbunia. The satellite has 15 years for mission life span while another three years for its design. The Bangabandhu-1 is a big step forward towards achieving self-dependency. It will open up enormous opportunities providing three types of advantages involving fields of information and communication technology (ICT) and broadcasting industry alongside brightening. Bangladesh image. It will save the country a huge amount of foreign currency spent on buying satellite bandwidth from foreign companies. Besides, it will give impetus to telecommunication services and television broadcasting. Moreover, it will also improve meteorological data collection, weather prediction capacity, and mapping of natural resources.

Word meaning: Satellite (n) উপগ্রহ, milestone (n) মাইল-ফলক, scientific (adj) বৈজ্ঞানিক, résearchn) গবেষণা/গভীর অনুসন্ধান, geostationary (adj)- ভূ-সমলয়, communication (n) আদান-প্রদান/যোগাযোগ, name after (v) - নাম অনুযায়ী নাম দেওয়া, launch (v) উৎক্ষেপণ করা/ প্রেরণ করা, Space Centre - মহাকাশ কেন্দ্র, project (n) প্রকল্প, implement (v) কার্যে পরিণত করা/বাস্তবায়িত করা, Telecommunication (n) তার, টেলিগ্রাফ, টেলিফোন, বেতার অথবা টিভির মাধ্যমে যোগাযোগের ব্যবস্থা/টেলিযোগাযোগ, expect (v) আশা করা/অনুমান করা, be located (v) অবস্থিত, East longitude পূর্ব দ্রাঘিমাংশ, slot (n) খাঁজ/কোন কিছুর জন্য সঠিক বা উপযুক্ত স্থান, design (v) নকশা/পরিকল্পনা করা, manufacture (v) প্রস্তুত করা/উৎপাদন, করা, provider (n)- প্রদানকারী, was projected (v) উৎক্ষেপণ করা হয়েছিল, ground stations স্থল ষ্টেশন, mission life span - মিশনের জীবনকাল, achieve (v) অর্জন করা, self-dependency (n) স্ব-নির্ভরতা, enormous (adj) বিশাল/প্রচুর, opportunities (n) সুযোগ-সুবিধা, provide (v) দেওয়া/ যোগানো বা সংস্থান/সরবরাহ করা, advantages (n)'-সুযোগ-সুবিধা, involve (v) অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা, information (n) তথ্য, technology (n) প্রযুক্তি, broadcasting industry- সম্প্রচার শিল্প, alongside (adv) পাশাপাশি, brighten (v) উজ্জল করা, image (n) ভাবমূর্তি, huge (adj) - বিশাল/বিপুল, foreign currency বৈদেশিক মুদ্রা, impetus (n) চালিকা শক্তি/কর্মতৎপরতা, improve (v) -উন্নত করা বা হওয়া, meteorological data collection আবহাওয়া তথ্য সংগ্রহ, weather (n) আবহাওয়া prediction (n) ভবিষ্যৎবাণী, capacity (n) যোগ্যতা/সামর্থ্য, mapping of natural resources প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদের বিশদভাবে বর্ণনা করা।

22. The Padma Bridge [J. B. 2023, S. B. 2023]

The Padma, Bridge is a multipurpose road-rail bridge over the river Padma in Bangladesh. It is thesixth largest bridge in the world and the longest bridge in Bangladesh. It is one of the dream projects of Bangladesh. It is 6.15 km long and 18.10 m wide. The bridge has 42 spans in total with each being 150 kilometer long. Moreover, it has about 264 piles in total. At first the World Bank intended to fund the bridge, but later postponed their decision. At last, the country had come up with, its own funding. Initially the cost of the bridge was estimated tk. 10,161 crore on the basis of feasibility study. After several revisions, the cost rose to tk. 30,191 crore. The construction journey was started by China Railway Major Bridge Engineering Company Limited on 7 December 2014. There are two parts to this bridge. One is an upper level and the other is a lower level. There is a four-lane highway on the upper level and a one-lane railway on the lower level. The construction process of Padma Bridge is divided into several parts. These are river governance, the main bridge. connecting roads on both sides of the river, and the construction of the supervision area. The whole construction is completed by May 2022. This bridge is opened by Honourable Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina on June 25 of 2022. Now our dream has come true. The bridge is a reality in Bangladesh. It has connected Bangladesh's south-western area with Dhaka, the capital of the country via road and rail. For this, regional connectivity is increasing and transport management is becoming convenient. In addition, it is playing an important role in the economic sector of Bangladesh. Industrial development and employment opportunities are causing radical changes in the condition of south-west residents.

Word meaning-multipurpose (adj) মনস্থ করা, অভিপ্রায় করা; postpone (v) estimate (v) বরাদ্দ করা; feasibility (n) বহুমুখী; largest (adj) স্থগিত করা; funding (n) সম্ভাব্যতা; revision (n) সবচেয়ে বড়; longest (adj) দীর্ঘতম; intend (v) -তহবিল; initially (adv) প্রাথমিকভাবে; পুনর্বিবেচনা; construction (n) নির্মাণ; river. governance (ph) নদী শাসন; connecting (adj) সংযোগ, সংযোজক; supervision (n) তত্ত্বাবধান; south-westen (adj) দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম; regional (adj) আঞ্চলিক; connectivity (n) সংযোগ; Increase (v) বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া, transport (n) পরিবহণ; management (n) ব্যবস্থাপনা; convenient (adj) সুবিধাজনক; In addition (adv) -এছাড়াও, উপরন্তু; economic (adj) অর্থনৈতিক; Industrial (adj) শিল্পজাত; development (n) উন্নয়ন; employment (n) - কর্মসংস্থান; opportunities (n) সুযোগ; radical (adj) আমূল; resident (n) বাসিন্দা, অধিবাসী।

23. Metro Rail

 Metro rail is one of the most powerf rail systems in the world. It is also called a fast transport most system. It is widely used in/cities, subway tube, and underground routes. It is usually tracked above street level on elevated) structures, These structures are constructed of steel or concrete. In Bangladesh, the government has started building metro rail system in Dhaka city in 2016. The aim is to save people from traffic jams. The first metro rall known as Mass Rapid transit or MRT-6 is currently under development, and it will end by 2023, It is being constructed from Uttara to Kamalapur Railway Station with 17 stations. The total length of the project will be about 21 km. The whole route will cover Mirpur, Agargaon, Farmgate, Shahbagh, DÙ Campus, and Bangladesh Secretariat areas. It is projected to serve more than 60,000 passengers per hour. As a result, people will move, easily from one place to another) It will also reduce the existing traffic jams to a great extent as people will then less rely on private cars. Besides, lakhs of taka wasted every year due to traffic congestion will be prevented. It will, no doubt, be a significant boon to our first-generationi economy. Again, the metro rail is eco-friendly because it will run on electricity. Besides, Its tracks will be vibration free. Hence, it will not be wrong to say that metro rail has opened the gateway leading to a modern and comfortable future. The project is estimated to cost about Tk 33,472 crore. JICA and the government of Bangladesh are funding the project.

Word meaning: transport (n) পরিবহন, এক স্থান থেকে অন্যস্থানে বহন, subway (n) ভূগর্ভস্থ পথ, পাতাল রেল, underground (adj) ভূগর্ভস্থ, routes (n) রাস্তা, গমনপথ, track (v) পথ অনুসরণ করা, elevated structures (ph) উঁচু কাঠামো, construct (v) নির্মাণ করা, currently (adv) বর্তমানে, এখন, project (v) পরিকল্পনা করা, serve (v) সেবা করা, reduce (v) কমানো, existing (adj) বিদ্যমান, congestion (n) যানজট, prevent (v) নিবারণ করা, বাঁধা দেওয়া, নিবৃত্ত করা, আটকানো, first-generation economy (ph) প্রথম প্রজন্মের অর্থনীতি, eco-friendly (adj) পরিবেশ বান্ধব, barriers (n) প্রতিবন্ধক, vibration (n) কম্পন, gateway (n) প্রবেশপথ, comfortable (adj) – আরামপ্রদ, estimate (v) অনুমান করা, নির্ধারণ করা।

24. FIFA World Cup 2022

The biggest and the most prestigious international tournament of football is The World Cup football tournament. It is organized by FIFA. This competition takes place once in every four years. FIFA world cup 2022 was organized in Qatar from 20 November to 18 December 2022. It was the 22nd football world cup. Approximately over $220 billion were spent in organizing this world cup. It makes the tournament the most expensive world cup. 32 teams of different nations participated in the tournament. They played 64 matches in eight venues across five cities. Qatar made their debut in the tournament but unfortunately, lost all three group matches. Argentina were crowned the champions after winning the final against the title holder France 4-2 on penalties following a 3-3 draw after extra time. It was Argentina's third title. French, player Kylian Mbappe scored a hat-trick in a World Cup final. He won the Golden Boot as he scored the most goals during the tournament. Argentine captain Lionel Messi was voted the tournament's best player. He won the Golden Ball. The tournament was rich in upsets and surprises. Former champions Germany and Uruguay were both knocked out at the group stage. Eventual champions Argentina was beaten in their opening game by Saudi Arabia. Five-time winners, and pre-tournament favourites Brazil were eliminated at the quarter-finals. Morocco became the first nation from both the African continent and the Arab world to reach the semi-finals. However, FIFA World Cup 2022 will be remembered for its diversity.

 

Word meaning: prestigious (adj) মর্যাদাপূর্ণ, করা, বন্দোবস্ত করা, competition (n)  প্রতিযোগিতা expensive (adj) ব্যয়বহুল, unfortunately (adv) দুর্ভাগ্যবশত, crown (v) পুরস্কৃত করা, upsets (n) বিপর্যয়, উলটপালট, knock out (ph) - পরাভূত করা, পরাজিত করা, eliminate (v) বর্জন করা, বাদ দেওয়া, diversity (n) বৈচিত্র্য। tournament (n) ক্রীড়া প্রতিযোগিতা, take place (ph, organize (v) সংগঠিত ঘটা, সংঘটিত হওয়া, approximately (adv) কাছাকাছি, প্রায়, participate (v) অংশগ্রহণ করা, debut (n) উদয়,

25. Importance of Moral Values (নৈতিক মূল্যবোধের প্রয়োজনীয়তা) [R. B. 2023]

Moral values are set of principles by which we define right and wrong. They can come from the self, family, commünity, religion, government, or any other entity that influences the thoughts of the individual. They are important because they help us to grow and develop. They help us to create the future we want to experience. In fact, moral values play an essential role in shaping individuals and societies. They serve as the guiding principles that influence our thoughts, actioris, and decisions. These values encompass concepts such as honesty, Integrity, empathy, respect, and responsibility. The importance of moral values lies in their ability to integrate a sense of character and virtue within individuals, which in turn contributes to a harmonious and ethical society. Moral values guide our interactions with others, promoting empathy and understanding, while discouraging harmful behaviors. They also provide a foundation for making ethical decisions, ensuring that our choices align with what is right and just. In educational settings, imparting moral values to students is crucial as it not only helps in personal development but also cultivates a sense of civic responsibility. Moreover, moral values transcend cultural and religious boundaries, serving as a universal compass for human behavior. In a world facing numerous challenges, upholding moral values is essential for creating a more compassionate, just, and sustainable global community.

Word meaning: Moral values (ph) নৈতিক মূল্যবোধ, set of principles (ph) নীতিমালা, define (v) সীমা নির্দেশ বা নিরূপণ করা; নির্ভুল বা সঠিকভাবে বর্ণনা দেওয়া; ব্যাখ্যা করা; সংজ্ঞায়িত করা;, self (pronoun) নিজ, স্বয়ং, community (n) – সম্প্রদায়, entity (n) সত্তা, influence (v) প্রভাববিস্তার/প্রভাবিত করা, thoughts (n) – চিন্তা; ভাবনা; ধারণা;, individual (adj) ব্যক্তিগত; একক; বিশেষ; পৃথক; স্বতন্ত্র; experience (n) অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ করা, in fact (adv) আসলে, essential (adj) অপরিহার্য, অত্যাবশ্যক, serve (v) পরিবেশন করা, সেবা করা, guiding (adj) – পথনির্দেশক, পথপ্রদর্শক, encompass (v) বেষ্টন করা, পরিবেষ্টন করা, concepts (n) ধারণা, Integrity (n) -সততা, empathy (n) সহমর্মিতা, সহানুভূতি, responsibility (n) দায়িত্ব, ability (n) দক্ষতা, সামর্থ্য, integrate (v) - একীভূত করা, সম্পূর্ণ করা, contribute (v) কাজে লাগা, অবদান রাখা, কোনো কিছু ঘটাতে সাহায্য করা, harmonious (adj) – একতান, সদৃশ, ethical (adj) নৈতিক, নীতিশাস্ত্র-সম্বন্ধীয়, interactions (n) মিথক্রিয়া, promote (v) - উন্নীত করা, উন্নত করা, বর্ধিত করা, discourage (v) নিরুৎসাহিত করা, নিরস্ত্র করা, harmful (adj) -ক্ষতিকর, provide (v) সরবরাহ করা, প্রদান করা, foundation (n) ভিত্তি, বুনিয়াদ, align with (ph) যুক্ত, impart (v) - জ্ঞাপন করা, প্রদান করা, crucial (adj) অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, চূড়ান্ত, cultivate (v) কর্ষণ করা, আবাদ করা, civic (adj) নাগরিক, পৌর, নগরীয়, transcend (v) অতিক্রম করা, cultural (adj) সাংস্কৃতিক, boundaries (n) -সীমানা; সীমা; চৌহদ্দি;, compass (n) পরিধি, numerous (adj) অনেক, বহুসংখ্যক, uphold (v) বজায় রাখা, তুলে ধরা, খাড়া বা সোজা রাখা, compassionate (adj) সহানুভূতিশীল, sustainable (adj) টেকসই, global community (ph) আন্তর্জাতিক বা বৈশ্বিক সম্প্রদায়।

26. Tree Plantation [M. B. 2023]

Tree plantation has become a common form to all in our country. There is hardly any man who is not familiar with this term. Tree plantation means planting trees more and more. Tree are very essential for our existence. We can not think of our existence without trees. Trees are closely related with our life. They are our best friends. They help us in many ways. They are a great source of food, vitamins and furniture. They go a long way to solve our economic crisis. June and July are the best time for tree plantation. There are many places for planting trees. We can plant trees on the both sides of roads and highways, sea beaches and low lying unused lands, Tree plantation programme should be expanded to the remote corner of the country under the shade of green trees.

Word Meaning': essential প্রয়োজনীয়; existence অস্তিত্ব; source উৎস; expand বিস্তৃত করা; remote দূরবর্তী; progressive অগ্রগামী, উন্নতিশীল; shade ছায়া, অন্ধকার; become হওয়া, ঘটা; hardly কদাচিৎ; familiar পরিচিত; existence- অস্তিত্ব; peaceful শান্তিপূর্ণভাবে।

27. How to fight against Dengue Fever (কিভাবে ডেঙ্গু জ্বরের বিরুদ্ধে লড়বো)

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus. It spreads through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. People infected with dengue often have high temperature, headache, body aches, nausea, rash, etc. Recently this disease has spread widely in major cities and towns of Bangladesh. People of all classes have been affected by this disease. The number of people affected by the disease is increasing at an exponential rate, leading to the nation's largest outbreak on record. In Dhaka city, the problem has become severe. Every day new dengue patients are being admitted to the hospitals of Dhaka city. Government agencies and health workers are struggling hard to overcome the

problem. They urge people to keep their areas clean and use all other familial measures by themselves. On our part, we should keep our environment clean so that it does not become a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Since Aedes mosquitoes usually breed in clean water, we need to be careful about water storage places. Apart from that, a regular street cleaning including removing the discarded water container and cleaning the drainage is very important. It is also a good practice to always use mosquito nets to prevent the dengue virus. However, if someone is infected with dengue fever virus, they should immediately consult with the doctor and take proper treatment otherwise it can cause death. By taking the right steps, we can save people from being infected by dengue fever and reduce the death rate. Thus, we can fight against dengue fever.

28. Karnaphuli Tunnel (কর্ণফুলী টানেল)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tunnel, also known as the Karnaphuli Tunnel, is a significant infrastructure project in Bangladesh. It is an underwater tunnel. It connects Chattogram city with the southern part of the country by crossing Karnaphuli river. It is one of the longest tunnels in South Asia and is an important part of the Chattogram-Rangamati road. The tunnel has reduced travel time and improved accessibility between Chattogram and the hilly regions. It has significantly improved ease of movement of people and goods between the two regions. The tunnel is constructed with the latest technology and safety measures to ensure stability and safety. The tunnel is about 3.5 km long and has two lanes for traffic. Construction of the tunnel began in 2019 and it is expected to be completed in 2023. The tunnel is a dual-lane, two-way tunnel and is equipped with modern ventilation system, fire protection system and emergency lighting. The Karnaphuli Tunnel is considered an engineering marvel and a major achievement for Bangladesh. It has received recognition for its design and construction and is considered a model for other tunnel projects in the region. The tunnel has also been praised for its positive impact on the local community and for improving the quality of life for residents of the Chattogram Hill Tracts. It helps in infrastructure development of the country, which is essential for sustainable economic growth.

29. Top 5 Places in Bangladesh to visit (বাংলাদেশের সেরা ৫টি দর্শনীয় স্থান)

Bangladesh is a land of beauty. It is a small country but there are many places to visit. Every year a lot of tourists from home and abroad come to visit these places. All these places are very beautiful and wonderful. Among the top 5 places in Bangladesh to visit, the most popular spot is the sea beach in Cox's Bazar. It is the longest unbroken sandy sea beach of the world. It is about 125 km long. Another place in Bangladesh to visit is Srimangal, located in the northeastern part of the country. It is very famous for the beauty of the tea gardens. There is also another beautiful place to visit in Bangladesh is Madhabkundu. It is very famous for its beautiful waterfalls. Another most wonderful tourist spot in Bangladesh is the Saint Martin's Island located in northeastern of the Bay of Bengal. This is the only coral island in Bangladesh. The natural surroundings of this island have made this place a heaven for a nature lover. Another top place to visit. in Bangladesh is Ratargul Swamp Forest. It is a freshwater swamp forest located in Sylhet. It is one of the few freshwater swamp forests in the world. The forest is naturally conserved under the Department of Forestry, Govt. of Bangladesh. All these spots make Bangladesh a beautiful country in the world. We can earn a lot of foreign money by developing these spots. Government and people should come forward to take necessary steps to make these spots more attractive to the tourists.

30. The Effects of social media on Mental Health(মানসিক স্বাস্থ্যের উপর সামাজিক মাধ্যমের প্রভাব)

Social media is the fastest-growing communication medium. It comprises the latest communication and social networking sites through the virtual medium of the internet. With the development of technology and different social media platforms, social media has become an integral part of our lives. We use it to stay connected with friends and family, to follow the news, and to stay up-to-date on the latest trends. Some well-known social media platforms are Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter, Pinterest, etc. Various social media give us modern and advanced methods of connecting with people living thousands of miles away. People can openly express themselves and their thoughts on a variety of topics, ranging from politics to art, through social media. Businesses have also benefited from social media's ability to reach a bigger audience and communicate with their customers. However, despite all of its positive aspects, a huge percentage of studies have noted that these social connections negatively impact mental health. For example, research has shown that excessive use of social media can lead to anxiety, depression, and loneliness. One reason for this is that social media can be addictive. Studies have shown that the use of social media can activate the same regions of the brairt that are activated by drugs and alcohol. Another reason for the negative effects of social media is that it can be a source of comparison and envy. We often see posts from our friends and family that make us feel like we are not good enough. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Finally, social media can be a source of stress. We often feel pressure to respond to messages and posts quickly, and we can feel overwhelmed by the amount of information we are exposed to. This can lead to feelings of anxiety and stress. So, it is our responsibility to ensure proper use of social media.

Word meaning: Social media (ph) সামাজিক মাধ্যম, fastest-growing (ph) দ্রুত বর্ধনশীল, communication medium (ph) - যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম, comprise (v) গঠন করা, গঠিত হওয়া, latest communication (ph)- সর্বাধুনিক যোগাযোগ, virtual medium (ph) ভার্চুয়াল মাধ্যম, technology (n) প্রযুক্তি, integral part (ph) অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ, stay connected (ph) যোগাযোগ রাখা, up-to-date (ph) হালনাগাদ, well-known (ph) সুপরিচিত, various (adj) বিভিন্ন, বিবিধ, advanced methods (ph) উন্নত পদ্ধতি, express (v) প্রকাশ করা, variety (adj) – বৈচিত্র্য, benefit (v) উপকার করা বা লাভবান হওয়া, ability (n) ক্ষমতা, দক্ষতা, সামর্থ্য, audience (n) শ্রোতা, communicate (v) যোগাযোগ করা, সংলগ্ন থাকা, customers (n) গ্রাহক, ক্রেতা, despite (pre) সত্ত্বেও, positive (adj) - ইতিবাচক, aspects (n) দিক, পরিপ্রেক্ষিত, social (adj) সামাজিক, connections (n) সংযোগ, সংযুক্তি, negatively (adv) নেতিবাচকভাবে, impact (n) প্রভাব, ফল, excessive (adj) অত্যধিক, অতিরিক্ত, depression (n) বিষণ্ণতা, হতোদ্যম, মনমরা, addictive (adj) আসক্ত, activate (v) সক্রিয় করা, comparison (n) তুলনা, envy (n) ঈর্ষা, দ্বেষ, inadequacy (adj) অপর্যাপ্ততা, low self-esteem (ph) কম আত্মসম্মান, stress (n) - চাপ, পীড়ন, pressure (n) চাপ, respond (v) জবাব দেওয়া, প্রতিক্রিয়া করা, overwhelmed (adj) অভিভূত, information (n) - তথ্য, expose to (ph) প্রকাশ করা, responsibility (n) দায়িত্ব, ensure (v) নিশ্চিত করা, নিরাপদ করা।.

31. Smart Bangladesh (স্মার্ট বাংলাদেশ) [Ctg. B. 2024]

"Smart Bangladesh" is currently a buzzword to all classes of people in Bangladesh. It is a term that refers to the ambitious vision of making the country a technologically advanced and digitally empowered nation. It is founded on the four pillars of Smart Citizens, Smart Government, Smart Economy, and Smart Society. It includes various interrelated initiatives to make this vision a reality, such as promoting the use of technology in education, healthcare, agriculture, and various other sectors. Its goal is to improve the standard of living for the citizens of Bangladesh and make the country a hub for innovation and entrepreneurship. It is a driving economic growth with high-speed internet, robust digital infrastructure, and the adoption of technologies like Artificial intelligence (Al) and machine learning (ML). Bangladesh has made significant progress towards this vision in recent years. The government's Digital Bangladesh program has helped to create a more connected and accessible society, with widespread access to mobile and internet services. Bangladesh is also investing in renewable energy, such as solar power, to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. The country is developing smart cities with modern infrastructure and innovative technologies. In continuation of this, work has been started to transform the country from Digital Bangladesh' to 'Smart Bangladesh' by 2041. In Smart Bangladesh, everything will rely on technology. Citizens will be skilled in using technology. The entire economy will be driven by technology. Massive efforts have already been undertaken to make the government and society smart in this regard.

Word meaning: Currently (adv) বর্তমানে, এখন, buzzword (n) গুঞ্জন শব্দ, refer to (ph) উল্লেখ করা, ambitious (adj) - উচ্চাভিলাষী, উচ্চাকাঙ্ক্ষী, vision (n) দর্শন, দৃষ্টিশক্তি; কল্পনাশক্তি, technologically advanced (ph) – প্রযুক্তিগতভাবে অগ্রগামী বা প্রযুক্তিগতভাবে অগ্রসর, e/mpowered (adj) ক্ষমতাবান, ক্ষমতাপ্রাপ্ত, include (v) -অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা, অন্তর্গত করা; various (adj) বিভিন্ন, বিবিগ, interrelated (adj) আত্মঃসম্পর্কিত, পারম্পরিক সম্পর্কযুক্ত, Initiatives (n) – উদ্যোগ, reality (n) বাস্তবতা, promote (adj) উন্নীত করা, উন্নত করা, technology (n) প্রযুক্তি, healthcare (n) স্বাস্থ/সেবা, sectors (1) বিভিন্ন বিভাগ বা অংশ, innovation (n) নতুন (বিষয়) প্রবর্তন; নতুন প্রবর্তিত বস্তু, উদ্ভাবন, entrepreneurship (n) শিল্পোদ্যোগ, robust. (adj) বলিষ্ঠ, জোরালো, Infrastructure (n) -অবকাঠামো, adoptioya (n) গ্রহণ, Artificial Intelligence (ph) কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা, connected (adj) সংযুক্ত, accessible (adj) - সুগম, অভিগম্য, অবারিত, widespread (adj) ব্যাপক, বহুবিস্তৃত, access (n) প্রবেশ, অভিগমন, invest (v) বিনিয়োগ করা, খাটানো, renewable (arij) নবায়নযোগ্য, reduce (v) কমানো, হ্রাস করা, reliance (n) নির্ভরতা, combrat (v) সংগ্রাম করা, innovative (adj) উদ্ভাবনী, in continuation (ph) অনুবৃত্তিক্রমে, ধারাবাহিকতায়, transform (v) রূপান্তর করা, আবার বদলানো, massive (adj) বিশাল, বৃহদায়তন, efforts (n) -প্রচেষ্টা, undertake (v) - গ্রহণ করা।

3'2. Ways to a Healthy Falance between Virtual and Real Life

ভার্চুয়াল এবং বাস্তব জীবনের মধ্যে একটি স্বাস্থ্যকর ভারসাম্যের উপায়)

Social networking services like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, etc. occupy a great part in our everyday life. They allow us to create profiles, share content, and interact with others. They have revolutionarily changed our way of life to a great extent with the benefit of then. Through these social media we can make friends like in real life, express our feelings with them and enjoy laughing. Consequently, people become less aware of the real life day by day. Now through social networkirıg services, we have the whole world at our fingertips. But it does not always bring welfare. Here we often unconsciously establish relationships with strangers. As a result, we become prone to fraud. Moreover, frequent exposure to social networking services can disrupt the sensory system and lead to symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, sweating, pallor, loss of balance, etc. Actually, real and social networking services are never same. So, we need to know how to control ourselves in both places. Healthy balancing, social networking services and real life can be as simple as promoting walking, cycling or catching the bus to school. This can encourage movement and is mucha better for the mind than surfing the social media. Also, we can head outside for a bike ride, a pien'le or a trip to the beach. Outdoor activities are not only healthy balancing social networking services and real life but are cost freel Moreover, team sports promote many psychological and social benefits. Besides, joining a club or organisation can help our self-esteem and promote coranection through working with others. Not only will team sport give us a break from the computer screen, it will have a huge impact on our healthy well-being.

Word meaning: Social networking services (ph) সামাজিক নেটওয়ার্কিং (যোগাযোগ) পরিসেবা, occupy (v)-দখল করা, দখলে রাখা, allow (v) অনুমতি দেওয়া, অনুমোদন করা, content (n) বিষয়বস্তু, interact (v) পরস্পরের উপর ক্রিয়া করা, মিথস্ক্রিয়া করা, revolutionarily (adv) বৈপ্লবিকভাবে, to a great extent (ph) - বড় পরিমাণে, benefit (n) সুবিধা, উপকার, express (v) প্রকাশ করা, consequently (adv) অতএব, সুতরাং, ফলস্বরূপে, aware of (ph)- সতর্ক থাকা, সজাগ থাকা বা হওয়া, fingertips (n) টিপ; আঙ্গুলের ডগা; সহজ নাগাল, unconsciously (adv) অচেতনভাবে, establish (v) প্রতিষ্ঠা করা, relationships (n) সম্পর্ক, strangers (n) অপরিচিত ব্যক্তি, prone to (ph) ঝোঁক, fraud (n) জালিয়াতি, প্রতারণা, frequent (adj) ঘন ঘন, প্রায়িক, নিয়মিত, exposure (n) -প্রকাশিতকরণ, প্রদর্শন, disrupt (v) ব্যাহত করা, sensory (adj) সংবেদনশীল, symptoms (n) লক্ষণ, nausea (n)- বমি বমি ভাব, dizziness (n) মাথা ঘোরা, sweating (n) ঘাম, pallor (n) ফ্যাকাশে; বিবর্ণতা, loss of balance (ph) ভারসাম্য হারানো, actually (adv)- প্রকৃতপক্ষে, healthy (adj) স্বাস্থ্যক

33. Digital Marketing (ডিজিটাল মার্কেটিং)

Digital marketing, also called online marketing, is a process of promoting a brand, product or service using digital technology. It includes the use of email, websites, social media platforms, search engines and mobile phones. The main aim of digital marketing is to reach out to the target audience through various digital channels and convert them into customers or clients. The core of this type of marketing is the Internet, Internet is a powerful tool to help us achieve many things. It helps in marketing as well as it helps the sellers to promote their products across the globe. It is the fastest and most effective way to promote and market a business online. Digital marketing has become an important part of marketing strategles for businesses of all sizes. It is a cost-effective way to reach out to more people in a shorter period of time. Now digital marketing is becoming synonymous with marketing for small businesses. It is effective and productive in terms of its flexibility, campaign tracking and automation. The group of digital marketi'ng tools/platforms and methods makes it powerful and provides the fastest method to connect with potential customers. So, all types of businesses can use, it. Its functionality and data-driven decisions for customers make it stronger in today's, scenario. It also helps build a brand and its reputation. If digital marketing is used honestly and correctly, it can provide a significant boost in selling anything.

Word meaning: Process (n) প্রক্রিয়া, promote (v) উন্নীত করা, উন্নত করা, product (n) পণ্য, উৎপাদিত বস্তু, service (n) সেবা, technology (n) প্রযুক্তি, Iriclude (v) অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা, অন্তর্গত করা, target audience (ph) -নির্ধারিত শ্রোতা, convert (v) রূপান্তরিত করা, পরিবর্তন করা, customer (n) গ্রাহক, globe (n) পৃথিবী, বিশ্ব, পরিমন্ডল, fastest (adj) দ্রুততম, effective (adj) কার্যকর, ফলপ্রসু, strategies (n) কৌশল, cost-effective (ph) - সাশ্রয়, synonymous (adj) সমার্থক, productive (ad)) ফলদায়ক, উৎপাদনশীল, in terms (ph) পরিপ্রেক্ষিতে, হিসাবে, তুলনায়, flexibility (n) নমনীয়তা, campaign (n) প্রচারণা, tracking (n) অনুসরণক্ষরণ, automation (n) - স্বয়ংক্রিয়তা, provide (v) সরবরাহ করা, প্রদান করা, potential (adj) সম্ভাব্য, কার্যকর, functionality (n) -কার্যকারিতা, scenario (n) দৃশ্যকল্প, reputation (n) খ্যাতি, মর্যাদা, সুনাম, boost (n) সাহায্য, উৎসাহদান

34. The hazards of city life (শহরের জীবনে ঝুঁকি/বিপত্তি)

Modern civilization is mostly projected in city life. All kinds of modern amenities, erantertainment facilities and excellent infrastructure are available in the cities. The city offers the facilities and comforts that can't be found in the villages. So, it is attractive to most people. But city life is not without hazards. First, living space in cities is decreasing day by day. The migration of villagers to cities has made urban living more complicated. They run into millions and the modern cities have just turned into big slums. Moreover, it is more expensive than rural life. The cost of food, water, housing and electricity is much higher in cities than in rural areas. Furthermore, city life has made it almost mandatory for both husband and wife to work. Therefore, raising a child is a real problem. If both husband and wife work, emotional insecurity develops in a child. Another hazard of city life is traffic congestion. Due to the high number of cars in the city, traffic tends to be an issue especially in peak hours when people go to work and come back from work. Again, there are also high levels of pollution in the city. There is environmental pollution due to industrialization and poor waste disposal. Sewage system is also armother hazard in city life. Due to the high level of population, many people use the same sewage system which creates blockages if not well maintained. However, every coin has two sides, so is the city life. On one side there are many charms for people in the city, on the other, there are the hazards and pains.

Word meaning: Modern civilization (ph) আধুনিক সভ্যতা, project (v) পরিকল্পনা করা, প্রকল্প তৈরি করা, city life (ph) নগর জীবন, (ph) modern amenities আধুনিক সুযোগ-সুবিধা, entertainment facilities (ph) বিনোদনের সুবিধা, excellent (adj) চমৎকার, infrastructure (n) অবকাঠামো, available (adj) লভ্য, প্রাপ্য, facilities (n) সুযোগ-সুবিধা, comforts (n) আরাম, attractive (adj) আকর্ষণীয়, decrease (v) কমানো, হ্রানে করা, day by day (ph) দিন দিন, দিনের পর দিন, migration (n) মাইগ্রেশন, অভিপ্রয়াণ, পরিযান, urban living! (ph) শহুরে জীবন, complicated (adj) জটিল, slums (n) বস্তি, expensive (adj) ব্যয়বহুল, rural life (ph) - গ্রাম্য জীবন, mandatory (adj) বাধ্যতামূলক, raising (n) বৃদ্ধি, বাড়ানো, উত্থাপন; insecurity (n) -নিরাপত্তাহীনতা, traffic congestion (ph) যানজট, due to (ph) কারণে, tend (v) প্রবণ হওয়া, ঝোঁকা, pollution (n) দূষণ, environmental (adj) পরিবেশগত, Industrialization (n) শিল্পায়ন, waste disposal (ph) বর্জ্য অপসারণ/ব্যবস্থাপনা, sewage system (ph) পয়োনিষ্কাশন ব্যবস্থা, population (n) জনসংখ্যা, blockages (n) প্রতিবন্ধকতা, coin (n) মুদ্রা, pains(n) ভোগান্তি।

35. Causes of Failure in English and their Remedies [М. В. 2022, J. B. 2023]

English is the language of the modern world and all over the world people learn and understand English. We need to know good English for our better future. But unfortunately, most of the students of our country are not good in English. They fail in this subject every year. There are many reasons for the failure of the students in English in our country. Firstly, the boys and girls from their childhood hold a negative attitude towards learning English. They are not interested in learning English. Besides, many students have a hostile attitude towards English as a foreign language. They always think that English is a foreign language and there is no need of learning English in Bangladesh. They just want to pass the exams. Then they only memorize some answers and hope to get them common in the exams. Some students are afraid of learning English. Besides. many students consider English a problem, but they do not try to overcome this problem. They think that it is very difficult to learn English. As a result, most of them fail in the exams. Now it is time to think deeply about this problem. For this our faulty education system should be modified and improved. We have to design our syllabus suitably. The students should be encouraged to learn English. More trained and competent teachers should be appointed in schools and colleges. They should apply the scientific Tethods of teaching in the classroom. Thus, we can save the students from the disgrace of failure.

36. Price Hike / Price Spiral [B. B. 2022, D. B. 2023, 13. B. 2023, В. В. 2024, М. В. 2024)

Price spiral means the rise of price of daily necessaries. 1'oday price spiral is a common phenomenon in our economy. The price of essential commodi, Hes is increasing by leaps and bounds. The causes of price spiral are many. Hoarding is one of the Important factors for soaring price level. People hoard the essential con modities with an ill motive and as a result there is break down in the supply. Smuggling and black-marketing are also impor tant factors that cause price spiral. Essential commodities are always being smuggled across the bo, rder. Shortage of supply due to low production also accelerates the price-hike of essential goods. Out population is. Increasing in geomatrical progress. While the supply of food increases in arithmetical progress. For this the supply of goods is very scanty in comparison to our demands. However ef, Forts should be made and necessary actions and proper measures should be taken to tackle the situat lon. Hoarding should be controlled. Smuggling and black-marketing are to be eradicated. Adequa te supply of essential commodities is to be ensured. Arid last of all government should launch programme to tackle the price spiral problem.

 

37. A Book Fair

(R. B. 2012, C. В. 2008, J. B. 2009, R. B. 2010, S. B. 2003, D. В. 2014)

A book fair is a fair where different types of books are brought for sale and show. A book fair is usually held in the month of January and February. In our country it is held in almos, all cities and towns. The largest book fair is organized by Bangla Academy on the occasion of the 21 February. The main purpose of a book fair is not sale but it offers a rare opportunity to assess the advancement made in publication of books. It helps to create new writers as well as new, readers. It inspires people to form the habit of reading books. A book fair bears the testimony of the refined tastes and national culture of a country. A book fair reminds us that books are ou 'r best companions. They change our outlook on life and widen our domain of knowledge. Again ve get these best friends at a cheaper rate from a book fair. In order to organize the fair a committ, he is formed. The committee makes all the arrangements to make the fair successful. Some prach cal measures should be taken to make the fair successful. There should have arrangement of refreshment. Seminars and cultural programmes should be arranged. Moreover, strict security measures should be taken. The government should encourage the writers and the publishers to publish creative books. Book's should be sold at a cheap price.

Word Meaning book fair (rì) বই মেলা; for sale and show বিক্রয় ও দেখানোর জন্য; usually (adv.)--আয়োজন করা; occasion (n) -অনুষ্ঠান; বিরুণ সুযোগ; assess (v) মূল্যায়ন করা; এবং; reader (n) পাঠক; inspire (v)-testimony (n) সাক্ষাৎ, প্রমাণ; refined মনে করিয়ে দেয়; companion (n) সঙ্গী; Word Meaning book fair (rì) বই মেলা; for sale and show সাধারণত; almost (adv.) প্রায়; largest (adj.) সর্ববৃহৎ; organize (v) purpose (n) উদ্দেশ্য; offer (v) প্রদান করা; rare opportunity advancement (n) অগ্রগতি; publication (n) প্রকাশনী; as well as উৎসাহিত করে; to form (infinitive) গঠন করতে; bear (v) বহন করে; taste পরিমার্জিত রুচি; national culture জাতীয় সংস্কৃতি; remind (v) change (v) পরিবর্তন করে; outlook (adj.) দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি; widen our domain of knowledge আমাদের জ্ঞানের জগতকে প্রসারিত করে; cheaper rate কম দামে; is formed গঠিত হয়; successful (adj.) সফল; practical measure বাস্তবসম্মত ব্যবস্থা; refreshment (n) হালকা খাবার; moreover অধিকন্তু; strict (adj.) কঠোর; security measure নিরাপত্তা ব্যবস্থা; encourage (v) উৎসাহিত করে; creative (adj.) সৃজনশীল; cheap price (n) কম দামে।

 

38 . Load-Shedding (বিদ্যুৎ বিভ্রাট)(J. B. 2008, Dnj. El. 2009, C. B. 2007, D.B. 2013, IR.B. 2013)

The people living in the areas supplied with electricity are quite familiar with the term load-shedding. There is hardly any area which is not affected by load-shed ding. Load-shedding means the discontinuation of supply of electricity. Load-shedding occurs when generation of power is less than the demand and also for unplanned distribution of electricity. It creates problems of far reaching consequences in the socio-economic development of a country. Houses, mills, factories, industries, shops, hospitals all fall a victim to it. The running mills, factories and industries come to a standstill. Failure of electricity hampers productivity. Domestic life becomes painful. The housewives grope in the darkness in the kitchen. The sufferings of the students due to load shedding beggar description. The patients also suffer terribly for load-shedding. Operations are stopped. The food kept in the refrigerators get rotten. The commodities preserved in cold storages get spoiled. In fact, load-shedding causes great sufferings to the people and an irreparable loss to the country. The entire life-domestic and industrial-comes to a standstill. An all out effort should be made to stop load-shedding.

Word Meaning: suppiled with (adj.) সর বরাহকৃত; electricity (n) বিদ্যুৎ; load-shedding বিদ্যুৎ ব্রিভাট;

hardly (adj.)- কদাচিৎ; affect (v) প্রভাবিড়, হওয়া; supply of electricity বিদ্যুৎ সরবরাহ; occur (v) ঘটায়; generation of power বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন; devaand (n) চাহিদা; unplanned distribution অপরিকল্পিত সরবরাহ; socio-economic development আর্থ-সামাজিক অবস্থা; fall a victim স্বীকার হওয়া; standstill (adj.) স্থবির; hamper (v) বাধাগ্রস্থ করে; productivity (v) উৎপাদন ক্ষমতা; dornestic life গৃহস্থালী জীবন; painful (adj.)-বেদনাদায়ক; housewive (v) গৃহিণী; grope (v) হাতড়ানো; dure to load shedding বিদ্যুৎ ব্রিভাটের কারণে; beggar description (ph.) বর্ণনাতী হওয়া; patient (n) রুগী; terribly (adv.) যাওয়া; commodities (n) মালামাল; preserve (v) সংরক্ষণ করা; spoil (v) irreparable loss অপূরণীয় ক্ষতি; entire life সমগ্র জীবন; industrial (adj.) প্রচেষ্টা। ভয়ংকরভাবে; get rotten পঁচে নষ্ট হওয়া; in fact (ph.) মূলত; শিল্প; all out effort সব ধরনের

39. Covid-19 / Coronavirus

Covid-19 refers to Coronavirus Disease 2019 The word "coronavirus" comes from the crown-like projections of the viru' 3. "Cororia" in Latin means "halo" or "crown." Coronaviruses are types of viruses that typically & ffect the respiratory tracts of birds and mammals, including humans. Doctors associate them with the common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Most recently, authorities ideritified a new coronavirus outbreak in China that has now become a global threat. It has the name coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19. Symptoms of the disease include sneezing, runny nose, fatigue, cough, fever, sore throat etc. However, sympte uns vary from person-to-person. Young children, people aged 65 years or older and women who ary pregnant have the highest risk of developing complications due to COVID-19. To prevent transr nission, people should stay at home and rest while symptoms are active. They should also avoid lose contact with other people. Covering the mouth and nose with a tissue or handkercht of while coughing or sneezing can also help prevent transmission. It is important to dispose of any tissues after use and maintain hygiene around the home.

Vocabulary: crowr. (n.)- কুট; affect (v.) আক্রমণ করে; respiratory tracts (n. phr.)- শ্বাসনালী; mammals (n.) ও ন্যপায়ী; acute (n.) তীব্র; outbreak (n.) -প্রাদুর্ভাব; global threat (n. phr.)- বৈশ্বিক হুমকি; symptom (n.) - উপসর্গ; sneezing (n.) হাঁচি; runny nose (n. phr.)- সর্দি; fatigue (n.) ক্লান্তি; sore throat (n. phr.)- গলা ব্যথা ; vary (v.) আলাদা হওয়া; risk (n.) ঝুঁকি; complication (n.) জটিলতা; transmission (n.) সংক্রমণ; av oid (v.)- এড়িয়ে চলা; handkerchief (n.) রুমাল; dispose (v.) ফেলে দেওয়া; maintain (v.) মেনে চলা; aygiene (n.) স্বাস্থ্যবিধি।

40. Importance of wearing masks

AS COMID-19 spread all across the world, many of us became aware of how important face masks are. COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person through respiratory droplets. Respiratory (শ্বাস-প্রশ্বাস সম্বন্ধীয়) droplets (বিন্দু) travel into the air when we cough, sneeze, talk, shout, or sing. These droplets can then land in the mouths or noses of people who are near us or they may breathe these droplets in. Masks are a simple: barrier to prevent our respiratory droplets from reaching others. Studies show that masks reduce the spray of droplets when we wear them over the nose and mouth. We should wear a mask, even if we do not feel sick. Wearing a mask protects those around us, in case we are infected. It is especially important to wear a mask when we are indoors with people.. We do not live when we are unable to stay at least 6 feet apart since COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact with one another. So healthcare officials from the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), many governments and local institutions from all around the world are urging people to wear face masks, as it's the only way to prevent the transmission of the virus and stop the further spread of COVID-19. This protection provides a complete barrier between our nasal and oral cavities with the outside world. However, if we wear the mask in a floppy (শিথিল) manner that doesn't cover our mouth and nose properly, our risk of catching the virus will increase. Wearing masks is an extremely important habit that every one of us should apply since this simple step could significantly reduce the risk of transmission (সংক্রমণ), Hope fully, we all should appreciate the role of masks. Wearing a mask should not give us a false sense of security. As the purpose of masks is to add another layer of protection, they must be worn properly and combined with other public health measures. However, we should keep maintain/.ng physical distance of six feet from others, washing our hands and avoiding touching our face, as we can contract the virus through contact with mucosal tissues our eyes, nose, mouth, etc.

Word meaning: spreads, (v) ছড়িয়ে যাওয়া; aware of (pr) সত্য; droplet (n) বিন্দু; respiratory (adv) -শ্বাস-প্রশ্বাস সম্বন্ধীয়; breath (v) শ্বাস নেয়া; 'prevent (v) প্রতিরোধ করা; reduce (v) কমানো; wear (v) পরিধান করা; healthcare officials (ph) স্বাস্থ্য কর্মকর্তা; protection (ri) নিরাপত্তা; floppy (adj) শিথিল, properly (adv) সঠিকভাবে; extremely (adv) বিশেষভাবে; transmission (n) সংক্রমন; significantly (adv) -গুরুত্বপূর্ণভাবে; measure (r1) ব্যবস্থা।

41. Birth centenary of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

The year-long celebrations marking the 100th birthday of Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the architect of Independent Bangladesh, get underway (চলমান) throughout the country on Tuesday on the 17th March 2020. Bangladesh celebrated the birth centenary (শতবর্ষ) of its founder President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on Tuesday. The day marks the beginning of the yearlong celebration of the birth centenary named 'Mujib Barsho' in Bangladesh and across the world. President M Abdul Hamid and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina led the nation in observing Mujib Borsho, or Mujib Year, the year-long celebration of the birth centenary. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, also the president of Awami League, was scheduled to place wreaths at Bangabandhu's portrait (প্রতিকৃতি) at the Bangabandhu Memorial Museum on Dhanmondi Road No 32 in Dhaka in the morning. On this day in 1920, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was born to Sheikh Lutfar Rahman and Sayera Khatun in Tungipara of Gopalganj, then a sub-district of Faridpur. He led the movement against the oppressive (নিপীড়ক) Pakistant rulers in the then East Pakistan leading to its liberation in 1971. Known as Bangabandhu, he became the first President of the Independent nation of Bangladesh. Different TV chanels telecast live programmes in remembrance of the father of the nation on this day. The daily newspapers published special supplements on this day. Different socio cultural organizations and educational institutions arrange functions in a limited way because of Covid-19 to celebrate the day. Prime Minister Narendra Modi also paid tributes to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on his birth anniversary. In a tweet, he paid tributes to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on his birth anniversary. He added that he is remembered for his courage and indelible (অপরিবর্তনীয়) contribution (অবদান) to Bangladesh's progress. In the evening on Tuesday, via video link, he also addressed Bangabandhu's 100th Birth Anniversary celebrations being held in Bangladesh. Bangabandhu's birth centenary was also celebrated all over the world in line with the initiative of UNESCO. The day is a public holiday and is also being observed as National Children's Day, as Bangabandhu enjoyed spending time with children on his birthday. Thus this day is a memorable day in our life and it reminds us the name of the father of the nation and his contribution to make our Bangladesh free from the oppression of the East Pakistan.

Word meaning: birth centenary (ph) জন্ম শতবর্ষ; architect (n) স্থপতি; independent (ad) স্বাধীন; underway (adj) -চলমান; founder (n) প্রতিষ্ঠাতা; celebration (n) উদ্যাপন; observe (v) পালন করা; revel (n) শাসন; in remembrance of (ph) স্মরণে; initiative (n) উদ্যোগে; remind (v) মনে করিয়ে দেয়া; contribution (n) অবদান।

42. Golden Jubilee of Bangladesh Independence

A golden Jubilee marks the 50th anniversary of an event. In Bangladesh, golden jubilee refers the 50th anniversary year of the separation from Pakistan. Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan 50 years back. Now we are ready to celebrate our golden Jubilee of the independence in 2021. In 1971, Bangladesh was born as an independent country under the leadership of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at the cost of the supreme sacrifice of three million people and the honour of nearly half a million women. After a nine-month-long bloodstained war of liberation, the name of our country is included in the map of the world. So, the celebration of golden jubilee of our independence is of great value. The celebration is set to be held from 26 March 2020 to 16 December 2021. Fortunately, the yearlong programs of celebrating golden jubilee of our independence are set in the 'Mujib Borsho on the occasion of birth centenary of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Extensive and colourful programmes are chalked out to celebrate the golden jubilee of the country's independence, and 'Mujib Borsho'. Unfortunately, our yearlong programs of celebrating its golden jubilee have been shortened due to the coronavirus pandemic. TS. TUC

Word meaning: golden jubilee সুবর্ণ জয়ন্তী, anniversary (n) বার্ষিকী, separation (n) পৃথকীকরণ, বিচ্ছিন্নাবস্থা, independent (adj) স্বাধীন, celebrate (v) উদয়াপন করা, leadership (n) নেতৃত্ব, supreme (adj) সর্বোচ্চ, sacrifice (n) ত্যাগ, বলিদান, bloodstained (adj) রক্তাক্ত, Hberation (n) মুক্তি, স্বাধীনতা, Independence (n) স্বাধীনতা, include (v) অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা, fortunately (adv) সৈৗভাগ্যক্রমে, অদৃষ্টক্রমে, centenary (n) - শতবর্ষ, extensive (adj) ব্যাপক, বিস্তৃত, chalk out (v) ছকে ফেলা, unfortunately (adv) -দুর্ভাগ্যক্রমে, shorten (v) সংক্ষিপ্ত করা, pandemic (n) অতিমারী।

43. Patriotism

Patriotism is the feeling of love for one's country. It is a noble virtue. It is beyond the bars of caste, region, or religion. It inspires a man to do everything for the wellbeing of the country. It is a quality that impels a man to sacrifice his own interest, comfort, pleasure and even his life for the sake of his country. It helps people to think for their country first and then for themselves. It also maintains the peace and harmony of a nation. It also leads to the elimination of corruption from the country and hence leads to the country's development. On the other hand a man without this quality is an ignoble person. He is self centred. He causes harm to the country by his unyielding or reckless activities. He is an enemy to the liberty and sovereignty of the country. But a man having patriotism loves his country sincerely. When a country faces any odd situation, they come front to protect the country. Bangladesh needs their services. But mere utterance of patriotism is not enough. Beside patriotism. We should serve our country to the best of our ability. If we do our lével best appropriately, certainly our country will see the bright face of progress.

Word Meaning: patriotism (n) স্বদেশ প্রেম, inspire (v) অনুপ্রাণিত করা, impels (v) বাধ্য করা, প্ররোচিত করা, harmony (n) মিল, সমন্বয়, elimination (n) বর্জন, বাদ, ignoble (adj.) নিচ, অসম্মানজনক, unyielding (adj.) অনমনীয়, sovereignty (n) সার্বভৌমত্ব, sincerely (adv.) আন্তরিকভাবে, utterance (n) ভাষণ, কথা।

44. Our Class Room (আমাদের শ্রেণিকক্ষ)

(a) What is the use of a classroom? (b) Where is your classroom located?(c) How is your classroom?

(d) How is it arranged? (e) How many students can it accommodate? (f) How do you feel in the classroom?

The room which is used for teaching the students is called a classroom. In a college there are many classrooms. Our classroom is a nice one in our college. It is located on our main academic building. It is on the second floor. It faces the south. It is quite large and spacious. It has two doors and six big windows. So, we have enough light and air in the room. There are six tube lights and six ceiling fans in the classroom. In the front part of the classroom there is a raised platform with a fine chair and table for the teachers. The teacher sits on the chair and puts his book, marker, and duster on the table. There are fifty students in the class. We have twenty high benches and twenty low benches in the classroom. So, there is no accommodation problem in the class. We have also a big white board fixed to the wall. Our teachers and we write, do our sums, and draw figures on it. We always keep our classroom neat and clean. We enjoy attending classes in the classroom. We feel very comfortable in our classroom. We like our classroom very much. We love to spend time in our classroom.

Word meaning: classroom (n) (adj) - কেতাবী, spacious (adj) (n) - জায়গা, স্থানসঙ্কলান, figure (v) করা, ব্যয় করা। শ্রেণিকক্ষ, locate (v) স্থাপিত করা, স্থান নির্দেশ করা, অবস্থান করা, academic প্রশস্ত, raised (adj) উত্থিত, উর্ধ্বোত্থিত, platform (n) মঞ্চ, accommodation নকশা, চিত্র, comfortable (adj) আরামপ্রদ, সুখকর, spend (v) – অতিবাহিত

45. Our College Canteen (আমাদের কলেজ ক্যান্টিন)

(a) What is a college canteen? (b) Where is usually a college canteen situated? (c) What kind of facilities does the canteen provide the students? (d) How is it furnished? (e) What do students do in the canteen?

A college canteen is a refreshment centre for the students. It is usually situated within the campus or beside the campus of the college. It supplies food and drink to the students, teachers and other employees of the college. Our college canteen is housed in a separate building adjacent to our college library. It remains open during college hour. Students love to visit the canteen in their off periods. They need not go out for their tiffin. It usually supplies the students and teachers sweets, snacks, cold drinks, and other fast foods, besides tea, coffee. Sometimes, rice, curry, and various dishes are also available here. The food items that are supplied in the canteen are fresh. There are good arrangements for sitting and having relax in our college canteen. Our college canteen is neat and clean. There are two cooks and three walters to serve us. There is a manager who collects bill from the students and teachers sitting behind. the cash box. We often, pass happy hours in gossiping and having merriment here. But sometimes we have discussion on current political affairs. Our college canteen plays an important role in our college life. Students often discuss topics of their texts over a cup of tea in the college canteen. They thus utilize their leisure time in the canteen in a productive way. In fact, our college canteen is a great attraction for us. We are really proud of our college canteen.

Word meaning: refreshment (n) হালকা খাবারদাবার, জলখাবার, centre (n) কেন্দ্র, usually (adv) সাধারণত, সচরাচর, situate (v) স্থাপন করা, অবস্থান করানো, supply (v) সরবরাহ করা, জোগান দেয়া, separate (adj) পৃথক, আলাদা, adjacent (adj) সংলগ্ন, সন্নিহিত, remain (v) থাকা, various (adj) বিভিন্ন, রকমারি, নানাবিধ, available (adj) – সহজলভ্য, প্রাপ্য, arrangement (n) বন্দোবস্ত, ব্যবস্থা, আয়োজন, relax (n) বিনোদন, serve (v) পরিবেশন করা, collect (v) - সংগ্রহ করা, gossiping (n) খোশগল্প, merriment (n) আনন্দ, উল্লাস, ফুর্তি, discussion (n) -আলোচনা, current (adj) বর্তমান, চলতি, political (adj) রাজনৈতিক, utilize (v) ব্যবহার করা, সদ্ব্যবহার করা, leisure (n) অবসর, অবকাশ, productive (adj) ফলপ্রসূ, attraction (n) আকর্ষণ।

46. Our College Campus (আমাদের কলেজ ক্যাম্পাস)

My college is a renowned one in the country. It is extended over one hundred acres of land. It has a nice campus. It stands on the river Bhairab. The college consists of many buildings. There are separate buildings for arts, science and commerce faculties. The arts and commerce buildings are on the south side of the college. The science building is near the administrative building. The Shaheed Minar is in front of the administrative building. There are seven hostels in the college campus. All the hostels are situated on the eastern side of the campus. There are four ponds. There are different kinds of trees on the banks of the ponds. Trees stand on the way leading to different faculties. There are green trees all around the Shaheed Minar. There are many quarters for the teachers and office stuff on the eastern side of the campus. There are a big mosque and a big temple on the campus. The mosque is on the western side of the campus. In front of the mosque there is a big pond. It is near the arts building. There are a big gymnasium, a big auditorium, a canteen, a building for B.N.C.C and Rover Scouts and a Bank on the campus. In fine my college campus offers a very nice and attractive view.

Word Meaning extended (adj.) প্রসারিত; consists of many buildings অনেকগুলো দালান নিয়ে ঘটিত; separate (adj.) পৃথক; faculties (n) ভবন; eastern side পশ্চিম প্রান্তে; banks গাছ; temple (n) মন্দির; western side শেষে; attractive view-আকর্ষণীয় দৃশ্য। অনুষদসমূহ; near (adv.) কাছে; administrative building প্রশাসনিক of the pond পুকুরের পরে; green trees all around চারিদিকে সবুজ পশ্চিম পাশে; gymnasium (n) ব্যয়ামাগার; in fine (ph.) উপসংহারে

47. Our College Library (আমাদের কলেজ লাইব্রেরী)

 

(a) What do you mean by a college library? (b) Where does it contain? (c) Where is college library located? (d) What kind of books is available in your college library? (e) What do you feel about your college library?

A library is a part and parcel of an educational institution. In an ideal education system it is the centre of academic life. It is the storehouse of books and repository of knowledge. It is, therefore, well provided with books, journals, magazines, and newspapers. It contains open shelves for books of references which may be consulted whenever necessary. It is usually run by the authority of the educational institution, for the use of students and the teachers. Generally, every college has a library either large or small. Our college has also a library where we go for reading books. It is situated in the main building of the college. Our college library is well decorated and provided with all modern facilities. It has a rich collection of different type of books covering the disciplines of arts, science and commerce. Besides, there is a large number of journals and magazines of international repute. The books are properly cataloged and arranged subjects-wise. Books, journals and magazines are kept nicely in almirahs and selves. The Hbrary is well managed by an experienced librarian and his helping staffs, The librarian issues books according to the demand of the students. At the time of getting admitted every student is given a 'library card' which one may use to borrow books from the college library. Students and teachers come to the library to study when they have no class. Our library remains open. from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m, on all working days. We are really proud of our college library.

Word meaning: part and parcel (ph) অপরিহার্য অংশ, institution (n) প্রতিষ্ঠান, ideal (adj) আদর্শ, centre (n) কেন্দ্র storehouse (n) ভাণ্ডার, repository (adj) খনি, ভাণ্ডার, provide (v) সংস্থান করা, দেয়া, যোগানো, প্রদান করা, সরবরাহ করা, journals (n) সাময়িক পত্রিকা, সাময়িকী, contain (v) ধারণ করা, consult (v) -পরামর্শ করা, whenever (adv) যখনই, necessary (adj) প্রয়োজনীয়,; usually (adv) সাধারণত, সচরাচর, authority (n) কর্তৃপক্ষ, generally (adv) সাধারণত, সচরাচর, situate (v) স্থাপন করা, অবস্থান করানো, well decorated (adj) সুসজ্জিত, facilities (n) সুযোগ-সুবিধা, collection (n)- সংগ্রহ, différent (adj) ভিন্ন, বিভিন্ন, আলাদা, discipline (n) স্থানের শাখা, পাঠ্য বিষয়, international (adj) আন্তর্জাতিক, repute (n) খ্যাতি, যশ, well managed (adj) ভালোভাবে পরিচালিত, experienced (adj) অভিজ্ঞ, staff (n) কর্মী, কর্মচারী, according to (ph) অনুসারে, demand (n) চাহিদা, admit (v) ভর্তি করা, borrow (v) ধার বা কর্জ করা,, remain (v) - থাকা।

48. A Rainy Day (একটি বৃষ্টির দিন)

(a) What is a rainy day? (b) What is the appearance of a rainy day? (c) Who suffers badly on a rainy day? (d) How do the children enjoy a rainy day? (e) What is the effect of a rainy day on the soil?

A rainy day is a day of rain and thunderstorm. It rains ceaselessly all day long. In our country a rainy day is a common scene during the rainy season. It is a dull and gloomy day. The sky is overcast with patches of black clouds and the sun remains hidden behind them. The weather is foul. Sometimes, gusty wind blows with rain. Rivers, canals and tanks swell up. Roads and paths get muddy and slippery. Water stands here and there. Normal life is disrupted due to heavy rain. The common people cannot attend their respective places in time. If anybody wants to go outside,

he has to take an umbrella with him. The poor and the day labourers do not like a rainy day. They cannot go out to earn their living. Their suffering knows no bounds. They go on starving. Homeless people, who need to sleep in the street don't get any shelter to spend their night. It is very hard for them. But a rainy day is enjoyable for the children. They do not need to go to school. They play indoor games and pass time happily. Those who have imaginary bent of mind enjoy the beauty of nature being drenched in rain. A rainy day has good effect on the soil. It helps plants grow, flowers bloom and nature looks fresh and beautiful. However, a rainy day is welcomed after the baking heat of summer.

Word meaning: thunderstorm (n) বজ্রবিদ্যুৎপূর্ণ ঝড়বৃষ্টি, বজ্রঝড়, ceaselessly (adv) অবিরাম, অবিরত, dull (adj) মেঘাচ্ছন্ন, অন্ধকারাচ্ছন্ন, নিষ্প্রভ, gloomy (adj) বিষন্ন, তমসাচ্ছন্ন, অন্ধকারময়, overcast (v) মেঘাচ্ছন্ন করা, তমসাবৃত করা, ঢেকে ফেলা, patch (n) জোড়াতালি, remain (v) থাকা, hidden (adv) গোপন, লুক্কায়িত, গুপ্ত, weather (n) আবহাওয়া, foul (adj) দুর্যোগপূর্ণ, ঝোড়ো, প্রতিকূল, gusty (adj) দমকা, ঝোড়ো, swell up (v) -ফুসে উঠা, উছলানো, muddy (adj) কর্দমাক্ত, পঙ্কিল, slippery (adj) পিচ্ছিল, normal (adj) স্বাভাবিক, disrupt (v) ব্যাহত করা, বিপর্যস্ত করা, respective (adj) নিজ নিজ, স্ব-স্ব, যার যার, knows no bounds (ph) সীমা থাকে' না, starving (adj) ক্ষুধার্ত, অনাহারী, homeless (adj) গৃহহীন, নিরাশ্রয়, shelter (n) আশ্রয়, spend (v) অতিবাহিত করা, ব্যয় করা, enjoyable (adj) উপভোগ্য, imaginary (adj) কাল্পনিক, bent (n) ঝোঁক, টান, nature (ph) – প্রকৃতি, drench (v) সিক্ত করা, effect (n) প্রভাব, ফলাফল, পরিণতি, baking (ph) – অতিতপ্ত, কাঠফাটা।

49. A Moonlit Night (একটি চাঁদনী রাত) S. B. 2009

(a) What is a moonlit night? (b) How does a moonlit night look? (c) How is the sight of nature on a moonlit night? (d) What is the feeling of general people on a moonlit night? (e) What do the poets do on a moonlit night?

 

A moonlit night is a night when the full moon shines with the full beam in a cloudless clear sky. On a moonlit night, the surrounding atmosphere is flooded with a beam of the moon. The moon looks like a silvery disc. The whole world seems to be bathed with silvery light of the moon. Nature bears a wonderful look. It seems that the plants and the trees are bathing with flood of light. When the moonlit reflects in the water, the water of the river seems to be dancing in joy. The flowers glitter in the garden like pearls. Birds come out from their nest and fly about. People of all ages enjoy a moonlit night. On a moonlit night, young boys play and little boys and girls make merriment and amuse themselves. People can't sleep early but enjoy the sight of the beautiful moon. In cities, people go to the roof and pass the night gossiping. In villages, children come out and listen to the stories from their grandparents. Poets of all l

languages have sung highly on a moonlit night. A moonlit night is perfect for imagination and recreation. It loses the dullness of night and thrills our heart. It spreads a feeling of joy in all objects of nature. Indeed, a moonlit night is pleasant and enjoyable.

Word meaning: moonlit (adj) চাঁদনী, beam (n) আলোক রশ্মি, atmosphere (n) বায়ুমন্ডল, silvery (adj) রূপালী,বিস্ময়কর, reflect (v) প্রতিফলিত করা, glitter (v চিচিক করা, ঝলমল করা, cloudless (adj) মেঘহীন nature (n) প্রকৃতি, amuse (v), মজা করে সময় কাটানো, আনন্দ করা, bear (v) ) অভ্যন্তরে ধারণ করা, surrounding (adj) – পার্শ্ববর্তী, wonderful (adj) অপূর্ব, pearls (n) মুক্তা, merriment (n) আনন্দ, উল্লাস, ফুর্তি, gossiping (n) - খোশগল্প, grandparents (n) দাদা-দাদী, perfect (adj) নিখুঁত, যথাযথ, recreation (n) চিত্তবিনোদন, বিনোদন, আমোদপ্রমোদ, dullness (n) নিস্তেজতা, নিষ্প্রভতা, নির্জীবতা (v) -, spread (v) ছড়িয়ে দেয়া, ছড়িয়ে পড়া, বিস্তৃত করা বা হওয়া, pleasant (adj) আনন্দদায়ক, আরামপ্রদ, মনোরম, enjoyable (adj) উপভোগ্য। imagination (n) কল্পনা,-, thrill রোমাঞ্চিত করা বা হওয়া, শিহরিত করা বা হওয়া

50. A Winter Morning (একটি শীতের সকাল)

(a) What is a winter morning? (b) What are the common features of a winter morning? (c) What do people do on a winter morning? (d) What food do people eat on a winter morning? (e) What happens when the day advances?

There are six seasons in our country. Winter is one of them. It is a season of cold and mist. So a winter morning is naturally cold and misty. It's usually a foggy morning and there is dense fog all around. Sometimes, on a winter morning, the fog is so dense that nothing can be seen even at a little distance. Even the sun rays can't get through the fog. Everything is in the grip of dense fog and severe cold. Nature looks gloomy and everything looks hazy. Bird's chirping is not heard. Cows and other animals cannot come out. People generally get up late and are often late to their offices. When the sun rises unveiling the fog, people especially the old and the children bask in the sun. Dewdrops fallen on the grass and leaves at night look like glittering pearls in the rays of the morning sun. The date juice sellers are often found selling date juice. It is really enjoyable to have a glass of date juice in a winter morning. People often enjoy various types of delicious food items including different types of pithas and paes prepared from date juice in a winter morning. The foggy. scene of winter morning disappears as the day advances. Even the fog melts away. Really a winter morning is enjoyable to the rich but a curse to the poor for want of warm clothes.

Word meaning: season (n) ঋতু, mist (n) কুয়াশা, naturally (adv) স্বাভাবিকভাবে, usually (adv) সাধারণত, সচরাচর, foggy (adj) কুয়াশাচ্ছন্ন, dense (adj) ঘন, গভীর, নিবিড়, all around (ph) চারদিকে, distance (n) দূরত্ব, ব্যবধান, rays (n) রশ্মি, get through (v) পৌঁছান, grip (n) গ্রাস, দৃঢ়মুষ্টি, severe (adj) -তীব্র, বিষম, nature (n) প্রকৃতি, gloomy (adj) বিষন্ন, তমসাচ্ছন্ন, অন্ধকারময়, hazy (adj) ঝাপসা, অস্পষ্ট, chirping (n) - কুজন, কিচিরমিচির, generally (adv) সাধারণত, সচরাচর, unveil (v) অবগুণ্ঠন খোলা, প্রকটিত করা, especially (adv) বিশেষ করে, বিশেষত, bask (v) আগুন, রোদ প্রভৃতি পোহান, dewdrops (n) শিশিরবিন্দু, শিশিরকণা, glittering (adj) চকচকে, pearls (n) মুক্তা, date juice (n) খেজুরের রস, enjoyable (adj) -উপভোগ্য, delicious (adj) সুস্বাদু, পরম উপাদেয়, include (v) অর্ন্তভুক্ত করা, disappear (v) অদৃশ্য হওয়া, advance (v) অগ্রসর হওয়া, melt away (ph) নিশ্চিহ্ন হয়ে যাওয়া, গলে যাওয়ার ফলে কমে যাওয়া, warm (adj) -উষ্ণ।

 

51. Early Rising [D. B. 2023] (প্রত্যুষে ওঠা)

(a) What is early rising? (b) What are the benefits of early rising? (c) What advantages are there in early rising? (d) How does it make a man healthy, wealthy and wise? (e) What happens when one does not get up early in the morning? (f) Why should we form the habit of early rising?

The habit of getting up from bed early in the morning is called early rising. It is a very good habit for all ages of people. The habit of early rising provides a lot of mental and physical benefits to us. Firstly, an early riser can take some exercises daily or a walk in the morning and enjoy the fresh air by the riverside or in the open field. It refreshes our body and mind. Secondly, an early riser gets. the calm and serene atmosphere everywhere. Even his mind remains fresh and there are no disturbances. He can think in much better ways than others. So, it makes him wise. Thirdly, he can enjoy the beauty of nature which is full of colorful flowers, green fields and chirping of birds. All these make an early riser cheerful and healthy. Fourthly, he can start his daily work earlier without any worry. Thus he gets enough time to work, earn more and become wealthy. So the habit of early rising is the source of health, wealth and wisdom. An English proverb rightly says, "Early to bed, and early to rise makes a man, healthy, wealthy and wise". On the other hand, a person, who does not get up early generally faces many problems. He may be late to office, may miss schedule or even fail to perform his daily work on time. He also suffers from bad health. So, we should form the habit of early rising in the morning.

Word meaning exercise (n) ব্যায়াম, অনুশীলন নির্মল, atmosphere (n) -প্রকৃতি, chirping (n) কূজন, উৎস, wisdom (n) জ্ঞান, schedule (n) সময়সূচি,: habit (n) অভ্যাস, provide (v) সংস্থান করা, দেয়া, যোগানো, প্রদান করা, সরবরাহ করা, a lot of (ph) অনেক, mental (adj) মানসিক, physical (adj) শারীরিক, benefit (n সুবিধা, উপকার,), refresh (v) সতেজ করা, calm (adj) শান্ত, প্রশান্ত, serene (adj) বায়ুমন্ডল, remain (v) থাকা, disturbance (n) ঝামেলা, বিশৃঙ্খলা, nature (n) কিচিরমিচির, cheerful (adj) আনন্দিত, প্রফুল্ল, worry (n) চিন্তা, উদ্বেগ, source (n) বিজ্ঞতা, on the other hand (ph) অন্যদিকে, generally (adv) সাধারণত, সচরাচর, তফসিল, পরিকল্পনা, perform (n) সম্পাদন করা, সম্পন্ন করা।

52. Our College Common Room, (আমাদের কলেজ কমন রুম)

 

(a) What is a college common room? (b) Where is the common room situated in your college? (c) How is it furnished? (d) What are the facilities does your common room provide? (e) What do students do in the common room?

A common room is a very important part of an educational institute. It is a place of recreation, rest and amusement. The students come here to find pleasure. It gives them relief from the stress and strain of continuous lessons. Our college has a large common room. It is on the ground floor of our main academic building. It is adjacent to our college canteen. When we get a class break, we go there to gossip and spend time with friends. Our college commmon room is furnished with a long table for playing table tennis, small tables and chairs for playing chess and the relevant sports goods. The students play there caroms, chess, table-tennis etc in their off periods. Some students go there only to watch games. Sometimes, student leaders address general students to make them aware of their problems. There are daily newspapers and magazines in our common room. Many students read them to keep them well informed about the world today. Sometimes we do fun activities too. Every year our college authority arranges indoor sports competition in this room. We have celebrated one of our favourite teachers' birthday there' last year. Our common room is a nice and useful place indeed. We are proud of such a common room in our college.

Word meaning: recreation (n) বিনোদন, চিত্তবিনোদন, আমোদপ্রমোদ, rest (n) বিশ্রাম, amusement (n) -আমোদপ্রমোদ, ক্রীড়াকৌতুক, pleasure (n) আনন্দ, খুশী, আমোদ, relief (n) উপশম, মুক্তি, পরিত্রাণ, stress (n) -চাপ, strain (n) শক্তিক্ষয়, ক্লান্তি, continuous (adj) একটানা, ক্রমাগত, অবিচ্ছিন্ন, academic (adj) কেতাবী, adjacent to (ph) সংলগ্ন, break (n) বিরতি, gossip. (v) খোশগল্প করা, spend (v) অতিবাহিত করা, ব্যয় করা, furnish with (ph) সজ্জিত করা, chess (n) দাবা, relevant (adj) প্রাসঙ্গিক, watch (v) দেখা, address (v) -ভাষণ দেয়া, বক্তৃতা দেয়া, aware (adj) সচেতন, অবগত, সতর্ক, well informed (ph) ভালোভাবে অবগত, উত্তমরূপে ওয়াকিবহাল, authority (n) কর্তৃপক্ষ, arrange (v) 'আয়োজন করা, indoor sports competition (ph) – আভ্যন্তরীণ ক্রীড়া প্রতিযোগিতা, celebrate (v) উদযাপন করা, favourite (adj) প্রিয়, Indeed (adv) – প্রকৃতপক্ষে।

53. Physical Exercise (শারীরিক ব্যায়াম)

(a) What do you mean by physical exercise? (b) Why is physical exercise essential? (c) How many

kinds of physical exercise are there? (d) How is excess physical exercise harmful? (e) What is the effect of physical exercise?

Physical exercise means the regular movement of the limbs of our body according to rules. It is very much essential because we keep our body and mind fit and active by it. We cannot think of a sound and fresh mind without a sound health. It is a physical exercise which plays an important role to keep our health sound. Physical exercise makes our body active and the muscles more strong. It also improves our power of digestion and blood circulation. It gives strength to our brains, too. There are different kinds of physical exercise. Walking, swimming, running, cycling are some good forms of exercises. Games like football, cricket, badminton, tennis, hockey, basketball, volleyball are also good exercises for our health. But all exercises are not suitable for all ages. Walking is good for the old. Swimming, running and cycling are good for the young. Exercise is good but over exercise is harmful and it becomes the cause of our ill health. Morning is the best time for physical exercise. Some exercises can be taken in the evening. The importance of physical exercise is great. It builds our body and keeps us physically fit. It also provides us with energy. On the other hand, our body becomes inactive and weak for want of physical exercise. In order to lead a sound and healthy life, it is essential to take exercise. By taking regular physical exercise we can be happy and healthy.

 

Word meaning: physical exercise (ph) শরীর চর্চা, regular (adj)- নিয়মিত, movement (n) বিচলন, আন্দোলন, limbs (n) অঙ্গ প্রত্যঙ্গ, according to (ph) অনুসারে, essential (adj) অপরিহার্য, অত্যাবশ্যক, active (adj) – সক্রিয়, কর্মক্ষম, muscles (n) পেশী, মাংসপেশী, improve (ph) উন্নত করা, digestion (n) হজম, পরিপাক, blood circulation (ph) রক্ত সঞ্চালন, strength (n) শক্তি, বল, শক্তিমত্তা, suitable (adj) উপযুক্ত, harmful (adj) ক্ষতিকর, physically (adv) শারীরিকভাবে, provide (v) সংস্থান করা, দেয়া, যোগানো, প্রদান করা, সরবরাহ করা, on the other hand (ph) অন্যদিকে, inactive (adj) নিষ্ক্রিয়।

54. Traffic Jam (যানজট)

a) What is traffic jam? (b) What happens when traffic jam occurs? (c) Why does traffic jam occur? (d) What are the effects of traffic jam? (e) How is it solved?

Traffic jam refers to a blockage of vehicles on roads and streets for hours. It is a common affair in big cities and towns. Nowadays it is a major problem in our country. Every day we lose our important time due to traffic jam. Day by day, it appears as a severe Issue. The causes of traffic jam are many. Roads are not increasing in proportion to our population. Excess amounts of vehicles are also an essential factor for creating this traffic jam. Without a license, many cars are staying in our street. Many vehicle drivers have no complete driving certificate or training. And they don't follow the traffic rules. Moreover, underdeveloped traffic control systems, overtaking tendency by the drivers, illegal parking by the roadside, etc are also responsible for creating traffic jam. The effects of traffic jams are also multiple. It causes untold suffering to millions of people. None can reach their destination in time. Their valuable time is wasted. Even an ambulance has to stay standstill causing the death of the patient inside. So, it is very important to solve the problem. The way to do this is to build wide roads in a planned way, deploy necessary number of traffic police on roads and enforce traffic laws properly, remove unlicensed vehicles, reduce private cars and create awareness among all. This is the way we can get a traffic jam free city. In fact, traffic jam is very harmful for every nation. By doing the above things, we can be free from traffic jam

Word meaning: blockage (n) বাঁধা, প্রতিবন্ধকতা, অবরুদ্ধ অবস্থা, আটকে পড়া অবস্থা, vehicles (n) যানবাহন, affair (n) ব্যাপার, বিষয়, nowadays (adv) আজকাল, বর্তমানে, এখন, appear (v) প্রতিয়মান হওয়া, দৃষ্টিগোচর হওয়া, দৃশ্যমান হওয়া, উপস্থিত হওয়া, severe (adj) গুরুতর, তীব্র, কড়া, কঠোর, Increase (v) বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া, বৃদ্ধি করা, বাড়া বা বাড়ানো, বর্ধিত করা বা হওয়া, in proportion to (ph) অনুপাতে, সমানুপাতে, population (n) – জনসংখ্যা, excess (adj) অতিরিক্ত, বাড়তি, essential (adj) অপরিহার্য, অত্যাবশ্যক, underdeveloped (adj) অনুন্নত, control (v) - নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, tendency (n) প্রবনতা, Illegal (adj) অবৈধ, বেআইনী, responsible (adj) দায়ী, effect (n) ফলাফল, পরিণতি, প্রভাব, multiple (adj) একাধিক, বহুবিধ, untold (adj) অবর্ণনীয়, destination (n) - গন্তব্য, valuable (adj) মূল্যবান, দামি, waste (v) অপচয় করা, নষ্ট করা, standstill (n) স্থির, নিশ্চলতা, স্থবির অবস্থা, patient (n) রোগী, solve (v) সমাধান করা, wide (adj) প্রশস্ত, planned (adj) পরিকল্পিত, deploy (v) - মোতায়েন করা, enforce (v) প্রয়োগ করা, properly (adv) সঠিকভাবে, remove (v) দূর করা, reduce (v) হ্রাস করা, কমানো, awareness (n) সচেতনতা, সতর্কতা, harmful (n) ক্ষতিকর

55. My Reading Room (আমার পড়ার ঘর)

(a) What is a reading room? (b) Where is your reading room located? (c) What does the room look like? (d) How many doors and windows are there in your reading room? (e) How is it furnished? (1) How do you feel about your reading room?

A reading room is a place for study. Every student must have a separate reading room. I am a student. So, I have a separate reading room of my own. It is located at the south end of our one storeyed building. It is just beside our drawing room. It is a small but beautiful room. It faces to the south. There is a garden in front of my reading room. So, I always get the sweet smell of blooming flowers. The room has one door and two windows. As a result, sunlight and air come easily into my reading room. There are a table, a chair and a nice bookshelf in my reading room. I sit on the chair and keep my books and learning materials on the table. There is a beautiful calendar on the wall in front of my table. There is a table clock on the table. The books are nicely arranged in the bookshelf. I keep my reading room neat and clear. To pay full concentration on study, a separate reading room is quite necessary for a student. I like my reading room very much. Whenever I enter my reading room, I feel a sense of ease and comfort. I generally pass seven or eight hours every day in my reading room. I have decorated it with some valuable paintings. I am proud of my reading room.

Word meaning: separate (adj) পৃথক, ভিন্ন, আলাদা, locate (v) স্থাপিত করা, স্থান নির্দেশ করা, অবস্থান করা, beside (adv) পাশে, নিকটে, in front of (ph) সামনে, smell (n) গন্ধ, ঘ্রাণ, blooming (adj) পুষ্পিত, প্রস্ফুটিত, arranged (adj) সাজানো, সজ্জিত, concentration (n) একাগ্রতা, quite (adv) পুরোপুরি, একেবারে, পরিপূর্ণভাবে, whenever (adv) যখনই, case (n) স্বাচ্ছন্দ্য, comfort (n) স্বস্তি, generally (adv) সাধারণত, সচরাচর, decorate (v) সাজিয়ে রাখা, সাজানো, valuable (adj) মূল্যবান, দামি, paintings (n) চিত্রকর্ম, চিত্র।

56. Childhood Memories (J. B. 2006]

(a) What is childhood and how does one spend one's childhood? (b) How was your childhood? (c) What was about your family? (d) Why was your grandmother so dear to you? (e) Was there any pleasant experience of your childhood? Childhood is the first stage of our life. It is a period of relaxing, and we can spend time without any

tension, worry, or pressure. We spend that fantastic time with great joy and happiness. When we become adults, memories of childhood become hazy. But from time to time they peep through the windows of our mind. They cheer our hearts and make us forget sorrow. I often look back to my childhood days and try to gather joy from their happy memory. I was born in a village in the district of Habiganj where I passed my childhood. Many things happened in my childhood days but I cannot remember all of them. I can remember the happy days with my parents. My family consisted of my parents, myself, my sister and my grandmother. My grandmother was very dear to me because she told me nice nursery rhymes and fairy tales. My education began with a picture book. I could not forget the very fast day at school which was a very pleasant experience for me. My heart began to beat faster when I was taken to the Headmaster. But his smiling face and gentle words endeared him to me. When I remember my childhood, I feel a pulsation of joy in my mind. I will never forget the golden days of my life. Really the childhood memories are very charming:

Word meaning: childhood (n) শিশুকাল, শৈশব, stage (n) পর্যায়, ক্রম, অবস্থা, relaxing (n) আরাম, বিনোদন, spend (v) অতিবাহিত করা, ব্যয় করা, worry (n) চিন্তা, উদ্বেগ, pressure (n) চাপ, fantastic (adj) চমৎকার, দারুণ, adult (n) প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক, পূর্ণবয়স্ক, memories (n) স্মৃতি, hazy (adj) ঝাপসা, অস্পষ্ট, peep (v) উঁকি মারা, cheer (v) আহ্লাদিত করা, আনন্দিত করা, happen (v) ঘটা, remember (v) স্মরণ করা, স্মরণ হওয়া, মনে পড়া, মনে রাখা, consist of (ph) গঠিত, গঠিত হওয়া, grandmother (n) দাদী, dear (adj) প্রিয়, fairy tales (ph) -রূপকথা, pleasant (adj) আনন্দদায়ক, আরামপ্রদ, মনোরম, experience (n) অভিজ্ঞতা, endear (v) প্রিয় করা, pulsation (n) স্পন্দন, ধুকধুকানি, charming (adj) মনোহর, সুন্দর, মনোমুগ্ধকারী।

57. A Farmer (একজন কৃষক)

(a) Who is a farmer? (b) What does he grow? (c) What does he do every day? (d) How does he manage his works? (e) What happens when he sees his field full of grain? (1) How does the farmer in our country lead their lite?

A farmer is someone who cultivates the land for agricultural production. In an agricultural country, his role is vital. He works hard in the field and grows various crops including paddy, wheat. pulses, onions, chillies, oilseeds, sugar and cane. He gets up very early in the morning and goes to work in the field. For him, rain, cold or sun do not matter much. He works until evening. Even he works in rain or sun. During harvest he is on his land till late hour at night. When he sees his field full of grain, he becomes happy. But drought, over rain, flooding, cyclones, and pests often destroy the crops. Then his sorrows know no bounds. Generally in our country, a farmer lives under the poverty level. Though he works hard, he cannot meet the basic needs of his family. He lives from hand to mouth. But his work in the field keeps the wheel of the country's economy spinning. The fruits of his labour provide the nation with rice and other crops for its survival. But he is deprived of basic needs. As a whole, he can't lead a happy life. We should better his condition by ensuring his basic needs. The government should come forward to mitigate his sufferings. He should be encouraged by providing him with various forms of supports. Only then we can better his condition.

Word meaning: farmer (n) কৃষক, cultivate (v) চাষ করা, agricultural (adj) কৃষিজাত, production (n) -ফলন, উৎপাদন, vital (adj) অপরিহার্য, include (v) অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা, harvest (n) ফলস, grain (n) – শস্য, শস্যকণা, drought (n) খরা, অনাবৃষ্টি, destroy (v) ধ্বংস করা, বিনষ্ট করা, know no bounds (ph) সীমা থাকে না, generally (adv) - সাধারণত, সচরাচর, wheel (n) ঢাকা, economy (n) অর্থনীতি, spinning (adj) ঘূর্ণায়মান,' provide (v) সংস্থান করা, দেয়া, যোগানো, প্রদান করা, সরবরাহ করা, survival (n) বেঁচে বা টিকে থাকার অবস্থা, deprive of (ph) বঞ্চিত করা, condition (n) অবস্থা, দশা, ensure (v) নিশ্চিত করা, নিরাপদ করা, আশ্বস্ত করা, mitigate (v) – উপশম করা, প্রশমিত করা, সহনীয় করা; encourage (v) উৎসাহিত করা।

58. A Beggar [D. B. 2007]

(a) Who is a beggar? (b) What are the common causes of beggary in our country? (c) How is his/her life? (d) What steps are helpful to reduce begging from the society?

A beggar is a person who begs from door to door for his/her livelihood. There are some beggars who beg on the streets. They are called street beggars. Both beggars and street beggars are familiar figures in our country. People become beggars either because they are without resources or because they suffer from loss of limbs and organs. These are the two most common causes of beggary. Whatever the cause may be, a beggar lives an extremely difficult and miserable life. He/she has no guarantee of safety and no surety of food or shelter. He/she may live on the roadside or in temporary shelters. He/she does not have any social dignity. He/she is an ignoble persons in society. He/she lives on the mercy of others. So everybody feels pity for them or looks down upon them. His/her lifestyle has negative effects on society and the economy. It is a loss of potential human energy and workforce. So, action must be taken to put an end to beggary so that all people have the opportunity to lead a respectable and purposeful life. It is a matter of hope that the present government has taken step to enlist the beggars around the country. In this way the government will arrange some kind of works for them and employ them as soon as possible. Recently govt. is giving monetary help to the impoverished and older people. All these steps are really helpful to reduce begging from the society to a great extent.

Word meaning: beggar (n) ভিখারি,

59. A Day Labourer (একজন দিনমজুর)

A day labourer is he who does heavy manual labour in various fields. He is quite known to all. He is to be healthly, strong and stout. He lives with his family in a slum, He gets up early in the morning and goes out in search of work. He works hard from dawn to dusk for his employer and gets his wages at evening. Then he goes to market, buys his daily necessaries and returns to his slum. He is always dependent on his employer. When he gets more work, he earns more and then he and the members of his family eat to their heart's content. Sometimes he and his family go without food if he can not manage work. However he is in great demand in harvesting season. The life of a day labourer is full of sorrows and sufferings. He can hardly enjoy peace and happiness. In all weathers-good and bad he works hard all day long and earns his livelihood by the sweat of his brow. He does not know what is rest. Though the service of a day labourer is of great importance, he is very much neglected. He is ill paid and can hardly make both ends. He is not held in due respect. So we should have soft feeling for him so that he can lead a decent life with dignity.

Word Meaning: day labourer (n) দিনমজুর; manual labour কায়িক পরিশ্রম; various fields বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে; quite known সম্পূর্ণ পরিচিত; healthy (adj.) স্বাস্থ্যকর; slum (n) বস্তি; in search of (ph.) সন্ধানে; dawn to dusk (ph.) সকাল থেকে সন্ধ্যা; employer (n) নিয়োগকর্তা; wages (n) মজুরী; daily necessaries দৈনন্দিন প্রয়োজনীয়; dependent (adj.) নির্ভরশীল; heart's content (ph.) তৃপ্তি সহকারে; however সে যাই হোক; demand চাহিদা; harvesting (adj.) ফসল কাটা; sorrows and sufferings দুঃখ ও দুর্দশা; hardly (adv.) -কদাচিৎ; peace and happiness -শান্তি ও সুখ;, all weathers- সব ধরনের আবহাওয়া; all day long (ph.) সারা দিন ধরে; livelihood (n) জীবিকা; sweat of his brow মাথার ঘাম পায়ে ফেলে; make both ends (ph.) কোনভাবে জীবন কাটানো; held in due respect- যথাযথ মর্যাদা দেয়া; dignity (n) মর্যাদা।

60. A Teacher (একজন শিক্ষক)

A teacher is an architect of a nation (জাতি বির্নিমানের কারিগর). He plays an important role in building up an educated nation. He dispels the darkness of ignorance from the lot of a nation (একটি জাতির ললাট থেকে অজ্ঞতার অন্ধকার বিদূরিত করে). He is an actor, so to speak. He has to suit his act according to the need of his audience which is his class. He is able to hold the attention and interest of his students. He is a clear speaker with good, strong pleasing voice which is under his control. He does not sit motionless before his class. He makes lessons interesting to the students. He makes his students confident and proves them clever. Everybody has something valuable inside him. A good teacher discovers the treasure hidden inside each student. He also wants the studerits happy and for this he keeps them busy. A good teacher never hankers after money. His only thought is how he could present the nation a good citizen.

Word Meaning: architect of a nation জাতি বিনির্মাণের কারিগর; important role গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা; educated nation শিক্ষিত জাতি; dispel (v) দূর করা; darkness of ignorance অজ্ঞতার অন্ধকার; from the lot of a nation জাতির ভাগ্য থেকে; actor (n) অভিনেতা; according to (ph.) অনুসারে; need প্রয়োজন; audience (n) - শ্রোতা; able (adj.) সক্ষম; to hold the attention and interest of his students ছাত্র-ছাত্রীদের মনোযোগ ও উৎসাহ ধরে রাখা; clear speaker স্পষ্ট বক্তা; under his control তার নিয়ন্ত্রণে; motionless (n) গতিহীন; confident (adj.) আত্মবিশ্বাসী; valuable (n) মূল্যবান; discover (v) আবিষ্কার করা; hidden (adj.) গুপ্ত, লুকায়িত; hanker after (ph.) কোন কিছুর পেছনে ছুটা।

61. A Street Hawker (ফেরিওয়ালা)

A street hawker deals in various things by hawking from street to street. He carries his materials on head and sometimes in hand and sometimes in a small handicraft. He generally buys his goods at a cheaper rate and sells them at a good profit. A street hawker is very cunning. He knows his business very well. His customers are children and women. He brings toys, sweets and other things for children and sells them at a fixed price at a good rate. He also brings bangles, ribbons, clothings, fruits, utensils, fancy goods and things of domestic uses for women. He speaks in different ways to draw the attention of his customers. A hawker also knows the time/hour of his business. He does not come when the housemasters are at home. Rather he comes when the housemasters are out of home and when the women are free from their household work and duties.

 

Word Meaning: hawker (n) ফেরিওয়ালা; deal in বেচাকেনা করা; 'from street to street রাস্তায় রাস্তায়; material (n) জিনিসপত্র; handicraft (n) হস্তশিল্প; হাতের তৈরি জিনিস; cheaper rate অপেক্ষাকৃত কম মূল্য; cunning (adj.) চতুর; profit (v) লাভ; customer (n) খদ্দর; at a fixed price নির্ধারিত মূল্যে; at a good rate ভাল মূল্যে; utensil (n) হাড়ি পাতিল; fancy goods সৌখিন দ্রব্যাদি; domestic uses গৃহস্থালির ব্যবহারের; different ways -বিভিন্ন উপায়ে; to draw the attention of his customers তার খদ্দেরদের দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণ করতে; rather বরং; free (adj.) মুক্ত; household work গৃহস্থালী কাজ।

62. My Neighbour (আমার প্রতিবেশী)

Neighbours are those persons who live adjacent to us. Man is a social being. He can not live alone in the society. So he has to live with other neighbours in a particular place. I live in a city. I have many neighbours. All of then are very co-operative and helpful. They are also well-behaved. My next door neighbour is Mr. Rahman. He leads a very simple life. He does not nourish high ambition because he knows that high ambition drives a man mad. He can not enjoy a moment's peace. He can not enjoy a sound sleep. He runs after earthly things which keep him always busy. So my neighbour Has no high ambition. He is free from all cares and anxieties. He is content with what he has. He does not want more. He is not competitive at all. Therefore, he enjoys a peace and happiness in life.

 

Word Meaning neighbour (v) প্রতিবেশী; adjacent (adj.) particular place নির্দিষ্ট স্থান; co-operative (adj.) -সহযোগিতামূলক; উচ্চাকাঙ্ক্ষা; a moment's, peace- এক মুহুর্তের শান্তি; sound sleep and anxieties দুঃশ্চিন্তা; content (adj.) তৃপ্ত; competitive (adj.) উপর; therefore সুতরাং। সংলগ্ন;, social being সামাজিক জীব; nourish (v) লালন করা; high ambition গভীর নিদ্রা; earthly (adj.) পার্থিব; cares প্রতিযোগিতামূলক; at all (ph.) মোটের

63. Bird Flu (বার্ড ফ্লু)

Bird flu is a serious illness that affects birds, especially chickens, that can be spread from birds to humans and that can cause death. Recently the breaking out of bird flu has taken us aback. We could never think of such kind of problem in our country. However, thanks to the Almighty that it could not break out in an epidemic form because of the timely intervention of the government and people's consciousness about the matter. The cause of bird flu in our country could not be detected. It was thought that it might have been carried and spread by the imported chickens from

our neighbouring countries like Thailand and China-because the breaking out of bird flu in an epidemic form has been seen in China and Thailand. Poultry farming has had a positive effect on the socio-economic condition in our country. It helped many rural poor women to break the chain of poverty and see better days in their lives. But the recent breaking out of bird flu has shadowed their smiling faces into gloomy ones and clouded their foreheads. It has emptied their fertile farms and turned the firms into barren lands. We have seen the heart-rending cries of the people both male and female. Their cries have pierced our hearts. However, it is heartening that our government has taken an all out efforts to give loans to the people engaged in poultry farming on easy terms to keep their income generating industry on and to bring about better days and see the gloomy faces glowing with beatific smile and keep their heads above all consuming poverty.

Word Meaning: affect (v) প্রভাব বিস্তার করে; spread (v) ছড়াইয়া পড়া; cause (v) ঘটায়; death (n) -মৃত্যু; recently (adv.) ইদানিং; however সে যা হোক; in an epidemic form মহামারী আকারে; timely intervention সময় উপযোগী হস্তক্ষেপ; consciousness (n) সচেতনতা; detect (v) বের করা; imported chicken আমদানীকৃত মুরগী; poultry farming মুরগীর পালন; positive effect ভাল প্রভাব; condition আর্থ-সামাজিক অবস্থা; rural poor women গ্রামের গরীব মহিলা; smiling face (adj.) মলিন; fertile farm উর্বর খামার; barren ঊষর; pierce- বিদীর্ণ করা; all out efforts easy term সহজ শর্তে; income generating industry- আয় বর্ধনকারী শিল্প; better day smile -সুখের হাসি; all consuming সর্বগ্রাসী। socio-economic হাসি-মুখ; gloomy সব ধরনের প্রচেষ্টা beatific; ভাল দিন;

 

64. Corruption (দুর্নীতি)

 

Corruption means dishonest or illegal behaviour especially of people in authority present in our country. There is hardly anyone who is not well acquainted with the very word "corruption". Today each and every government sector of the country is rotter to the core because of the widespread practice of corruption by the people who are at the helm of power, by the officers, by the clerks and so on. The country has topped the list five times from the view point of corruption. However there are many reasons behind this galloping corruption. Thirst for power, pelf, wealth and money is the root cause of corruption. Greed, avarice and dishonesty, nepotism and favouritism also contribute to' the cause of corruption. It has corroded the economy, retarted the economic growth and baffled the various development programmes. It should be checked, controlled and prevented at any cost so that the country get rid of this national malady and see the ray of hope of development and the people not involved in it can heave a sigh of relief and hope for the best and better days. Corrupt people should be rewarded with due punishment. Even their wealth and money can be confiscated and they may be meted with life long rigorous imprisonment. The mass media, the papers, magazines, journals, articles and above all the consciousness of the enlightened people can play a vital role in curbing the gallopping corruption. Now is the proper time to raise voice, take necessary steps and punitive measures against the corrupted society.

Word Meaning: corruption (n) দুর্নীতি; illegal (adj.) অবৈধ; behaviour (adj.) ব্যবহার; acquainted (adj.) পরিচিত; widespread practice of corruption দুর্নীতির ব্যাপক অনুশীলন; at the helm of power ক্ষমতার নেতৃত্বে; topped the list তালিকার শীর্ষে; from the view point of corruption দুর্নীতির দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে; reason (n) কারণ; gallop (v) লাফাইয়া লাফাইয়া বাড়া; thirst for power ক্ষমতার স্পৃহা; pelf (n) সম্পদ; root cause মূল কারণ; greed (n) লোভ; avarice (n)- লোভ; nepotism (n) স্বজনপ্রীতি; contribute (n)- অবদান রাখে; a far reaching negative effect সুদূরপ্রসারী, ঋণাত্মক প্রভাব; bottomless basket তলাবিহীন ঝুড়ি; corroded (v) ক্রমশ ক্ষয় করে দেয়া; retard বাধাগ্রস্ত করা; baffle ব্যর্থ করা; widespread practice of corruption দুর্নীতির ব্যাপক অনুশীলন; corrupted people দুর্নীতিবাজ লোক; iron rod শক্ত হাতে; control (v) -নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা; prevent (v) রোধ করা; at any cost (ph.) যেকোনভাবে; get rid of (ph.) মুক্তি পাওয়া; ray of hope of development উন্নতির আশার আলো; heave a sigh of relief স্বস্তির নিঃশ্বাস; reward (v) পুরস্কৃত করা; punishment (n) শাস্তি; can be confiscated বাজেয়াপ্ত করা যেতে পারে; rigorous imprisonment কঠোর শাস্তি; mass media গণমাধ্যম; above all (ph.) সর্বোপরি; consciousness (n)- সচেতনতা; enlightened (adj.) আলোকিত; to raise voice (ph.) প্রতিবাদ করা; punitive দণ্ড বিধায়ক।

 

65. Good Governance (সুশাসন)

Good governance means good rule. It is a pre-requisite for all kinds of developments of our country. A country cannot reach its cherished goals, achieve its success and solve its multi-farious problems for want of good governance. It is a must for any nation-any country. It helps the full flourishment of a country. It helps a country to go forward with its development programmes. It contributes most to the all round development of a country. Good governance depends on some factors. The factors are enlightened people, practice of true ideal of democracy, transparency, accountability, a good electoral system, honesty etc. First of all the people who will be at the helm of power must be enlightened. They must be free from any kind of evil. They must be true democrats. They will cultivate the true ideal of democracy. They must keep in mind that they are working for the welfare of the country and the countrymen. The state administration system should be transparent so that even an ignorant rural man or woman can know the ins and outs of the administratioń. Good governance cannot be thought of without accountability. The enlightened people who will be entrusted with the onerous duty of running the administration of the country must be responsible to account to the people for their activities. In this way there are many factors which shape and design to form good governance for the welfare of a country and its countrymen.

66. People's Activities on February 21 (২১শে ফেব্রুয়ারিতে মানুষের কার্যক্রম)

On February 21 people get up early in the morning remembering the memory of the martyrs. They walk barefooted to the Shahid Minar. Most of them put on black badges on their breast or shoulder. They go to the Shahid Minar singing the most cherished song "Amar bhaier rokte rangano.... " They pay homage and tribute to the memory of the martyrs. They offer flowers, prayer and suras to the martyrs' souls. They also gather in the mosque, temple and some other religious institution and pray for salvation of the martyrs' departed soul. People also attend meetings and seminars to get inspiration to uphold their mother tongue.

67. A Visit to The National Mausoleum (জাতীয় স্মৃতিসৌধ পরিদর্শন)

On the occasion of the Independence day I went to the National Mausoleum situated at Savar by BRTC bus in order to pay a visit. I saw a series of seven towers. The most moving sight of the complex is the several graves of the martyred freedom fighters. Standing in front of the graves I. bowed down my head in deep respect. I spent several hours there. The National Mausoleum reminded me of the supreme sacrifice of the martyrs who out of their deep unalloyed patriotic love sacrificed their lives on the altar of patriotism in order to snatch away the red rose of independence from the cruel claws of the then Pakistani-occupationist force. It also reminded me of the overthrow of oppression and finally the triumph of justice. What Impressed me much.was the seven towering towers though built of concrete- symbolize the oceanic blood of the heroic souls.

68. A Rainy Day I Experienced (আমার অভিজ্ঞতা অর্জন করা একটি বৃষ্টির দিন)

It was a day of Ashar. It had been drizzling (গুড়ি গুড়ি বৃষ্টি হচ্ছিল) since morning that day. I was having my meal when the sky became dark with dense clouds.. I hastily finished my meal and got ready to go to school. Big drops of rain began to fall then. Mother asked me to wait but that was not possible for my first terminal examination began two days ago and the subject that day was English Paper 1. I took my umbrella and set out. I had gone only a few steps when it began to pour (অঝোরে বর্ষণ শুরু হল). Soon it began to rain in torrents (মুষলধারে). So I took shelter in a wayside (পথিপার্শ্বস্থ) house. I got drenched thoroughly. I pulled off my shoes and shirt and waited in the hope that the rains would soon cease (বন্ধ হওয়া). But there was no sign of abating. So I started again. I feared that if I were late I should not be allowed to sit for the examination, I went on quickly. When I reached school. I pulled off my shirts and shoes. The headmaster came out of his room and found most of the examinees absent and saw my miserable condition. I was wet from head to foot and was shivering with cold. So he told me to go home and said that there would be no examination that day. So I again took the way in rains and camé home back thanking our teachers and the rains .

69. My Experience In A Journey By Launch (লঞ্চ ভ্রমণে আমার অভিজ্ঞতা)

Once I was coming to Dhaka from Khulna by launch. It takes two days to reach Dhaka by launch. The weather was fine and the sky was clear. There was no cloud. The river was calm. The launch was moving smoothly. We all the passengers were in a Jolly mood. The Journey was pleasant. We were enjoying the beautiful natural scenery on the either side of the river. The rays of the setting sun fell on the river and the water looked like pearls. There were small waves on the river. Every wave that dashed against our launch increased our thrill and joy. Suddenly after the sun set the weather turned foul. There were deep dark clouds in the sky. All on a sudden a storm rose. We all the passengers were terribly upset. The launch was not very big. Again there was no life boat in the launch. The storm caused the river water swell. There were heavy waves which dashed against the launch. It seemed to me that the strong waves might cause rift in the launch. We all were thinking that we might meet with watery graves. So we began to take the name of the almighty Allah .

70. Pahela Baishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ) [HSC Exam. 2018, D. B. 2024 , Dnj. B. 2024]

The first day of Bangla year is called Pahela Baishakh. We celebrate this day to mark the beginning of the 1st day of Bangla New Year. The day is celebrated with traditional festivities across the country. The rural people arrange Baishakhi Mela on this day. Shopkeepers open halkhata and offer sweets to their customers and clients. The day has a special attraction for the town people. They rise early in the morning. They put on their best dress that is payjama and punjabi. They take panta rice with dried pepper. They pass the whole day in great joy and forget the sufferings of life for the time being. In the town different organisations arrange meeting, seminar, symposium, discussion. Different cultural organisations arrange various kinds of cultural functions. Pahela Baishakh has a great significance. It reflects our age old tradition and culture. It bears the testimony to the fact that we have a culture of our own. It is the manifestation of our cultural hertiage.

71. Baishakhi Mela (বৈশাখী মেলা)

Baisakhi Mela is the mirror of our traditional culture. It is presumed that it was started about 600 years backduring Emperor Akbar's reign. On this occasion fairs used to be organized there. In due course the occasion became part of domestic and social, life, and turned into a day of merriment. Baisakhi Melas are arranged in many parts of the country. Though Baisakhi Melas are organised in a planned way in almost all cities of the country, originally they are very much rural based. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, hand-made cakes, special kinds of food stuff, sweets, potteries, bangles, pitchers and cane products are the main exhibits. Toys, cosmetics as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers staging Jatra, Pala gan, Kavigan, Jarigan, Gambhira Gan, Gazir Gan and Alkap Gan. Artistes present folk songs as well as Baul, marfati, Murshidi and Bhatiali songs. People of all walks of life visit the fair wearing traditional dresses. The melas add new taste to the day. The Baisakhi Mela is an ancient-form of Bengali folk festival that continues to thrive in the modern age. It continues for three days, one week or even as long as one month.

72. An Ideal Student [J. B. 2016]

A student is primarily a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution. He is under learning with goals of acquiring knowledge. But every student is not equal. There is someone who is really good in his study and other works. He is an ideal student. An ideal student considers studying his first love and duty: He is always eager to acquire more and more knowledge. He is punctual and is never late for school. In the classroom, he is attentive to his teachers. He always speaks the truth and never tells a lie. He is obedient to his parents and teachers and has great respect for them. He is well behaved and is never rude to anybody. He is helpful too. He always helps others in their needs, But he always keeps away from any bad company. Moreover, an ideal student participates in co-curricular activities. He also takes part in games. and sports. He plays in the playground at the proper time. In addition, he never neglects his duty. He always makes proper use of time and never wastes a single moment. He abides by the rules of discipline in all spheres of life. He prepares his life with a noble aim. And he does everything to fulfill his aim. He is above all, an asset to his parents, his educational institution and his country. Every student should try to follow his way of life.

73. My Home (আমার বাড়ী)

Home is a place where we live with our families. It is the sweetest place in the world. When we sense danger elsewhere, we find safety in our home. When there is joy, we share it with other members of our home. Everybody loves home. My home is really charming. It is situated in a village in the district of Patuakhali. It is a two-storied tin-shed building. Each and every one of the room of my home is well-furnished and spotlessly neat and clean. It is well ventilated. Sufficient air and light can get into it. My home faces to the south and looks very beautiful. The home is surrounded by green trees on three sides. A calm and quiet environment prevails in my home. So, whenever I go out of my home, I feel homesick and I want to get back to my family. There is no artificial sound except some natural sound created by different natural objects. Really my home is enriched with the beauties and bounties of nature. Trees all around with fruits and flowers make me feel proud of my home. I live here with full satisfaction and peace of mind. Really, I feel happy living in such an ideal home.

74. Co-curricular Activities (সহশিক্ষা কার্যক্রম)

Co-curricular activities are those activities that take place outside the classroom but reinforce or supplement classroom curriculum in some way. Typically, co-curricular activities are carried out outside the normal classrooms but they supplement the academic curriculum and help in learning by doing. These activities help students to develop problem-solving, reasoning, critical thinking. creative thinking, communication, and collaborative abilities. Examples of co-curricular activities include debate, math clubs, the publication of the magazine, cultural activities such as singing, dancing, and drama productions. All of these activities take place outside the traditional classroom and offer no grade or academic credit, but they provide supplementary and complementary education for students. In fact, co-curricular activities bring out the best and the latent talents of the students. They provide ample opportunity to develop their faculty. Again games and sports are part and parcel of study because without sound health a student cannot concentrate on his study. Everyone knows the fact that health is wealth. Games and sports pave the way for building sound health. Moreover, co-curricular activities: help the students to foster goodwill. They teach students to be polite, modest, gentle, loyal, diligent, and perseverant. They also tighten the bondage of friendship and brotherhood among the students.

75. A Journey By Plane I Have Made (আমি একটি বিমান ভ্রমণ করেছিলাম)

I went to Jessore from Dhaka by Bangladesh Biman. I bought a ticket from Bangladesh Biman office. I arrived at the airport about two hours before the flight and got checked and waited in the lounge. I was given a boarding card on which the number of my seat was written. After sometime the departure of the flight was announced and we were asked to board the plane. I got on board and found my seat. The plane took off at 10 am. When the plane took off, I fastened my seat belt. I was given light refreshment and newspapers. I looked through the windows. I saw clouds floating in the sky. Houses and trees below looked like tiny toys. Within a very short time we reached Jessore Airport, Though the journey took 30 minutes; it gave me much pleasure. Even today I bear the flight in my memory.

Word Meaning lounge আরাম কক্ষ; departure প্রস্থান; refreshment bear বহন করা। নবউদ্যম; pleasure আনন্দ,

76. My Favourite Sport (আমার প্রিয় খেলা)

There are a lot of outdoor sports and everyone has their own favourite sport. I have also one of mine. Out of all sports, my favourite sport is football. I like it very much. It is also a famous sport all over the world. By playing football, we can keep our body strong, fit and flexible. To play football is a good exercise and good for health. That's why football has been the first choice for me. To play football we need only a football and a piece of land. The sport is played with feet. Head is also used but it is foul to touch the ball with hand. The number of players needed for this sport is twenty-two. There are two groups. Each group has eleven players. Each group has a goalkeeper. There is a centre from where the play starts with the referee. He has the power to comment on right or wrong. The players have to maintain the rules of the sport. If any player disobeys him, he is disqualified and comes out of the playground. When the goal is scored, supporters' joy knows no bound. Exciting claps are seen when a goal is scored. This play at first originated in England. Now it is an extremely popular game that attracts people all throughout the world. It helps many to get relief from stress, teaches teamwork, discipline, and also brings fitness to the players. It is a sport of much wonder, joy, and interest.

77. Nursing (সেবা)

Nursing is an important and fast-growing profession within the health care system. Florence Nightingale is the fore-runner of modern nursing service. The person involved in the profession of nursing is called a nurse. Nurses are traditionally women because of their capacity for compassion and caring. But at present there is no gender predisposition to the profession. Both male and female have equal ability to excel in nursing. Nursing includes health promotion, illness prevention and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Nursing is a very noble profession. It enables a person to serve the suffering humanity. To be a nurse the minimum academic qualification is S. S. C in our country. Moreover, one has to study for three years in the nurses' Training Centre and this is followed by one year's practical training in any Medical College Hospital. This will lead one to have a B. Sc. Degree in nursing. After completing the course successfully nurses are employed in hospitals and clinics. The job of a nurse is very tiring. The doctor only prescribes medicines but it is a nurse who helps the patients in taking medicines. A nurse is very vigilant. She renders her heartfelt service to mitigate the agonies and sufferings of the patients admitted to hospitals and clinics. She shares the sorrows and sufferings of the patients. The importance of a nurse beggars description. Hospitals and clinics cannot go even a single day without a nurse. So, every reasonable facility should be given to a nurse.

78. The Grameen Bank (গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক)

Grameen Bank is a bank which gives loans to the poor village people. The purpose of this bank is to remove the poverty of the rural poor people since most of the people of this country are poor. Professor Yunus is an economist. The poor condition of the most of the people of this country hurts him. So he tries to find out the way of removing poverty. He introduces micro credit system among a limited number of poor people and he becomes successful in his plan. Then he sets up a bank and today that very bank is known as Grameen Bank. His programmes succeeds and thousands of people have been able to see better days in their life. However the Grameen Bank provides credit to the poor particularly to the poor rural womeri. The bank has raised consciousness among the poor, changed their poor economic condition, has developed their skills and has created employment opportunities. The bank has a positive effect on socio-economic variables, including children's schooling, children nutrition and family planning.

79. International Women's Day (আন্তর্জাতিক নারী দিবস)-

International women's day is celebrated for securing women's rights across the globe. Each year on 8th March, international Women's Day is commemorated. In the year 1975, first Women's Day was celebrated and since ever it is celebrated across the globe. The suffrage of women based on their employment and gender-based discrimination leads to the origin of International women's Day. The purpose of international women's day is to uphold women's achievements, recognize challenges, and focus greater attention on women's rights and gender equality. It is celebrated worldwide to spotlight women, their issues and achievements. In 1908, working women in New York came out on the streets for their working hours and less pay. In 1909, the Socialist Party of America chooses 28 February as their National Women's Day. After this event in 1910, Clara Zetkin German leader of working women in the UN proposed the idea of International Women's Day for each country around the globe. By following her opinion UN adapted this idea and declared 19 March as International Women's Day. In 1975, the USA celebrated the first International Women's Day on 8th March on a huge level. Afterwards international women's day is celebrated worldwide on this day every year. International Women's Day spreads the message of women's equality. It tells that every woman from each caste, creed, community, religion, social status, etc is needed to be treated equally.

80. The World Mother Language Day (Dn). B. 2023] (আন্তর্জাতিক মাতৃভাষা দিবস), Or, International Mother Language Day

Mother tongue is a divine gift. From the holy Quran we come to know that the most merciful Almighty has bestowed a mother tongue upon each and every caste, creed and colour. Mother tongue is, so important that the people of a country express their ideas, thoughts, feelings emotions etc. clearly through mother tongue. But it is an irony of fate that the then rulers of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as mother tongue upon us instead of Bangla. But the people of our country raised their voice against this unlawful decision. Some of the heroic sons came forward and sacrificed their glorious life for the cause of our mother tongue on the 21st February, 1952. Since then this day is called the Shaheed Dibash. Every year we remember this day with solemnity and pay them profound tribute. Now it is a great pleasure for us that. The UNESCO has announced February 21 as the International Mother Language Day to be observed globally in recognition of the sacrifices of the martyrs for establishing the rightful place of Bangla. It is a great tribute and glowing homage paid by the International community to the Language martyrs of Bangladesh. The sacrifices of all the martyrs for championing the cause of their mother tongue have received now a glorious recognition by the people of the world.

81. Deforestation (বন উজাড়করণ) [Ctg. B. 2007, S. B. 2019, С. В. 2024] Or, Indiscriminate cutting of Trees [Ctg. B. 2022]

Deforestation or Indiscriminate cutting of trees means cutting down trees in large number. The causes of deforestation are many. Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world. This huge number of population needs more shelter, agricultural land, fuel, furniture etc. For all these reasons people cut trees. Moreover there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forests to make money. The effects of deforestation are too many to describe. This destruction disturbs our ecological balance. The existence of animals are going to be threatened. Due to deforestation carbon dioxide is increasing worldwide. As a result, the world is becoming warmer. The sea level is rising and many parts of the world is going to be engulfed by the sea in recent future. On the other hand, new areas of the world are turning into deserts as a result of deforestation. It also causes serious damage to the soil, as trees give protection to soil as well. In the end, the soil gets sediment in the river bed and causes frequent floods. So, if we destroy trees at random, one day the country will turn into a great desert. They will be destroyed. There will be no rain and as a result our agriculture will face a great crisis. The country will be unsuitable for living and various natural calamities like flood, drought, storm etc. will visit our country. Immediate measures should be taken to prevent deforestation. People should be made aware of tree plantation through mass media. Tree plantation programme should be extended throughout the country.

82. Importance of Tree Plantation

Trees are useful to man in three very important ways. They provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent drought and floods. Trees bear a great Impact on the climate. If we destroy trees at random, one day the country will turn into a great desert. Again there will be no rain and as a result the country will face a great crisis. Trees keep the soil strong. Trees save us from flood and many other natural calamities. Trees prevent the rise in temperature. They give us oxygen. They prevent the rise of carbon-dioxide world wide. Thus trees maintain ecological balance. Trees give us food and shelter. They make the land fertile. We get timber from trees. This timber is used in making houses, boats, ships and furniture etc. They save the house from cyclone. They also give shade to protect us from the scorching heat of the sun. Many trees give us fruit. Trees help to cause rain. They prevent a region from becoming desert. Trees provide shelter to birds and beasts. Trees are things of beauty too. We can take care of trees by not cutting them. We can also take care of trees by planting them more and more. We should plant trees more and more for a better, happier and healthier life.

83. Our National Flag. (আমাদের জাতীয় পতাকা) [Ctg. B. 2019)

Every free nation has a flag of its own. It is the symbol of independence and sovereignty (সার্বভৌমত্ব) of a free (স্বাধীন) country. Bangladesh is also a free country. So she has got a flag of her own. Her people feel proud of her flag because it means that Bangladesh is a free and sovereign country. It reminds us of the valiant struggle of our freedom fighters to set the country free. Its shape is rectangular having a proportion of 10:6. It is of different sizes according to its use. The flag is hoisted everyday on top of our important government buildings and educational institutions. It is hoisted everywhere on the occasions of the independence day and the victory day. The national flag is kept half mast on the occasions of national mourning days. There are two colours. They are green and red. The green is the symbol of the youth and the red is the symbol of the sacrifices of the freedom fighters who laid down their lives. We salute the national flag and remember the supreme sacrifice of our freedom fighters. I feel very proud of my.national flag because whenever and wherever I see national flag it reminds me that I am a citizen of a free country. I can uphold its honour by doing our national duties properly.

84. Digital Bangladesh (ডিজিটাল বাংলাদেশ)

 

The term 'digital refers to a system based on the continuous flow of data or events. And the term 'Digital Bangladesh' refers to a society based on knowledge. The object of establishing a Digital Bangladesh is to ensure an ICT driven knowledge-based society. At present 'Digital Bangladesh' is a buzzword to the people of all classes of Bangladesh. The motto of digital Bangladesh is to establish technology-based digital governance, e-commerce, e-agriculture, e-production, e-education, etc, emphasizing the overall development of the country and the nation. The benefits of digital Bangladesh are many. If we can establish a digital Bangladesh, corruption will be drastically reduced by enhancing accountability. Besides, it will save people's time and money and will make people more enterprising and thus will reduce unemployment problem. It will also connect the people of Bangladesh with the whole world economically, politically, socially, academically, and even culturally. Moreover, it will improve banking and financial activities. Agriculture, health, education, commerce all these sectors will be highly benefited by making Bangladesh a digital one. So in keeping with the advanced world, we have to ensure the application of latest scientific and computer based digital technology in every field. To make this vision of Digital Bangladeshi a success, we must involve every person of the nation in this process in a holistic way.

85. Waste Management (বর্জ্য ব্যবস্থাপনা)

Waste is anything that we throw away every day. It can be in any form liquid, solid or gas. Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: industrial, commercial, domestic, and agricultural. Waste have the potential to harm humans or the environment, elther now or in future. So, proper waste management is required to protect the environment and for the health and safety of the population. Now question is what waste management is. Waste management is the managing of waste by disposal and recycling of it. In fact, waste management is an important element of environmental protection. Its purpose is to provide hygienic, efficient and economic solid waste storage, collection, transportation and treatment or disposal of waste without polluting the atmosphere, soil or water system. There are various methods and techniques by which the waste is disposed of. Some of them are Landfills, Recycling, Composting, etc. Furthermore, these methods are much useful in disposing of the waste without causing any harm to the environment. It is true that we cannot altogether get rid of our waste, but a proper managerment of it can certainly reduce it. If we think of burning, burying, recycling and thus reducing our waste, we can save our environment to a great extent. We can use some waste as fuel. We can use vegetable waste to make compost to improve our soil. So it is high time to take proper steps and necessary measure to raise awareness about the problem of waste management.

86. Mobile Phone (মোবাইল ফোন) [B. B. 2016, R. B. 2017, B. B. 2023]

Mobile phone is one of the amazing inventions of modern science. It is one kind of portable telephone set. It works without any wire. In fact, it functions with the help of the chips installed inside and connects to the mobile nefwork outside. With a mobile phone one can talk anywhere in the world within the shortest possible time. Not only that, we can send messages to distant places, play games and sports, solve the work of calculation and can be aware of different kinds of news and views through it. All classes of people use mobile phone. Nowadays, everything is being done online, and by using a mobile phone, one can effortlessly do almost everything with a single touch. Online banking, access to modern services and apps, improved networking capabilities, and online shopping are major tasks that can be performed using mobile phones. With all its advantages, the mobile phone has still some drawbacks on disguise. Scientists have recently discovered that mobile phone can cause cancer to the users. Besides, it has become a fashion with the young people. Last but not the least, terrorists are using it to spread out terrorism all around the world. But in spite of all these disadvantages, it can be finalized here that the necessity of a mobile phone in exchanging messages, cannot be denled in the true sense of the term in our practical life.

87. E-Learning (ই-শিক্ষা/ই-শিক্ষণ/ই-লার্নিং)

E-learning is the use of electronic media and Information and communication technologies in education. Bernard Luskin, a pioneer of e-learning, says that the "e" should be interpreted to mean "exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational" in addition to "electronic." E-learning includes numerous types of media for delivering text, audio, Images, animation, and streaming video etc. E-learning can occur in or out of the classroom. It is sulted to distance learning and flexible learning. There are many advantages to online and computer-based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. Class work can be scheduled around work and family. It reduces travel time and travel costs for students. Students can study anywhere they have access to a computer and internet connection. Students may select their level of knowledge and interest. They can develop knowledge of the Internet and computers skills that will help learners throughout their lives and careers. Successfully completing online or computer-based courses builds self-knowledge and self-confidence among students. There are a few disadvantages as well. Learners with bad study habits may fall behind. Students may feel isolated from the instructor and classmates. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help. However, in addition to traditional learning e-learning can help learners in many ways.

88. Email

Electronic mail or simply Email is very much popular nowadays for its speedy transmission of information and cost effectiveness. Hence information provided by a sender is delivered asynchronously to a point where it can be retrieved and processed later on by one or more recipients of the sender's choice. There is no need of any physical presence of both the sender and the receiver. The sender can enter the message and the receiver can retrieve it whenever he/she is free. The message will remain in PC's memory. The transmission of messages is usually done through landlines (telephones) or satellite communications or through marine cables. Email has lot of advantages to its credit. (1) It is cost effective. Very less money is required in comparison to other transmission device. (ii) It is time saver. Within very short time messages can be sent. (iii) There is no need of presence of either the sender or the receiver. Once the message is entered into PC's it will remain in the receiver PC's memory. (iv) Email transmission is very speedy. It is four times faster than FAX and ten times faster than telex. (v) There is the system of using password which each subscriber can choose to use. Hence E-mail gives security of message.

89. A Cyclone (ঘূর্ণিঝড়)

When a storm revolves violently round a centre, it is termed a cyclone. It moves at a high speed ranging from forty to one hundred or more kilometres per hour. A cyclone may occur any time and at any place. The violent types of cyclone usually hit the tropics. The cyclone of Bangladesh generally originates from the Bay-Of-Bengal, and blows towards that land. It is often accompanied by thunders and heavy showers. Before a cyclone commences unbearable heat is felt for a few days. Then suddenly one day the sky becomes terribly dark with clouds and strong winds begin to blow with flashes of lightning and the rumbling of thunders. Thus a terrible situation is created that lasts for a few hours. It causes a great havoc. A lot of people and other animals die. Dwelling houses are blown away. The tidal bore and the heavy showers wash away the stores of food stuff and leave the marks of terrible damage. The cyclone is usually followed by scarcity of food and outbreak of various diseases such as cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, fever etc. which spread all over the affected areas. However, the great loss caused by cyclones can be reduced to a substantial extent. Using modern technology's of weather forecast, prior warning can be given to the people who are likely to be affected by the cyclone. The people and their domestic animals can be shifted to the cyclone shelters. Moreover, a quick relief, medical treatment and essential medicines should be made available to the affected people just after a terrible cyclone.

90. Tokai (টোকাই)

A tokai is a small boy who lives in the street. He supports himself by begging or by collecting left over things and selling then. His way of living is very pathetic. He is uncared for. He is shelterless. He has no particular living or sleeping place. He sleeps on the street. He moves aimlessly on the street. Sometimes he is seen pushing carts, selling flowers or begging in the street to support himself. He may have parents or not. He does not know the where abouts of his parents. He can not recollect the memories of his parents, brothers sisters and his native village. He can not go to school for poverty. So he is deprived of the light of education. Sometimes he has to bear physical punishment. In fact he is deprived of all sorts of a child right. It is an irony of fate. We have forgot that today's child is tomorrow's future. So not only the government but also all conscious people should take care of a tokai so that he can lead a decent and dignified life keeping his head above wants.

91. Maintaining of Good Health (সুস্বাস্থ্য রক্ষা করা) (C. B. 2009)

It is known to all that health is wealth. It is the key to all success in life. So, I try to follow the rules of health. It is necessary to follow them in order to maintain a good health. None can enjoy a sound health without maintaining certain rules of health. To have a balanced diet is one of the important rules of maintaining good health. And a balanced diet is a kind of diet that contains all types of food value in right quantities as are essential for health. Since a balanced diet gives strength and prevent diseases, I always try to have a balanced diet. It is necessary because it supplies heat and energy and keep our body fit.

92. My Favourite Poet (আমার প্রিয় কবি)

Kazi Nazrul Islam is my favourite, poet. Nazrul's writings were full of hope, energy, aspiration and result. His writings awakened the sleeping people of this subcontinent. It was Nazrul through whom the people began to hope for a better future. He made them conscious of their rights. He helped them to fight for indéperidence and break the bondage of slavery and fetters of subjugation. His famous creations are Agni Bina, Bandhan Hara, Rikter Bedan, Bisher Bansi, Agamani, Mukti, Bidrohi, Praloyshikha, Dolanchapa, Fanimansha, Sharbahara, Chakrabak etc. He also wrote several thousand songs. For all these reasons I like him most. He was born on eleven Jalstha 1306 B.S Churulia, a village of Burdwan in West Bengal. His father's name was Kazi Fakir Ahmad and his mother's name was Zaheda Khatun. His parents lost four children before his birth. So, they gave him the nick name Dhuku Mia. In his early life Nazrul lost his mother. For this he had to struggle, hard against poverty.

93. Dangers of Smoking (ধূমপানের বিপদ) [S. B. 2010]

It goes without saying that smoking is a dangerously bad habit. It causes many fatal diseases. It causes cancer, heart attack, chronic bronchitis and some other diseases. One puff of cigarette contains fifteen billion particles of injurious matters. Nicotine is one of them. It prevents the free flow of blood through the veins. This reduces the supply of oxygen in the body. It damages our lungs. People addicted to smoking lose their appetite for food and energy for power. Smoking also pollutes the environment and the air, Besides, it causes irritation in the eye, offends the nose and unsettles the mind. Smoking is so dangerous that the stench of cigarette is repulsive to a non-smoker. Moreover, it wastes a lot of money. We are very fortunate that there is no smoker in our family. It is very essential to ban smoking in public places so that smokers can not do any harm to non-smokers.

94. The Importance of Learning English ( ইংরেজি শেখার গুরুত্ব)

(R. B. 2008, C. B. 2010, Dnj. B. 2010. R. B. 2004, Dnj. B. 2013, B.B. 2014, D. B. 2016)

The importance of English can't be described in words because it's an international language. We need to learn English for our higher education. It's the store house of all knowledge of all books. All the books on higher education of every branch of knowledge are written in English. If we want to earn vast knowledge and higher education in any branch, we are to take the help from those books. All that is the best in European and American thought is available through English. If this source is dried up, we shall go backward. Again modern science which is advancing by leaps and bounds is a gift of the science. Today more than 80% of all the information in the world's computers is in English. So if we don't know English, we will fail to keep pace with the progressive force of the world. English is a must in order to get a good job. Today organisations need employers who speak and write a standard form of English. So it helps a man to get a good job and to earn more money. It is the official or semi-official language in more than 60 countries and of many, international organisations. So to maintain daily official correspondence English is essential. Again ours is an age of globalisation. Many foreign guests and delegates come to our country. They don't know our mother tongue. So we need to learn English to communicate with them. Statistics show about 350 million people speak English as a first language and another 300 million use it as a second language. From this we can say that we need to learn English to join the advanced and developed world. Then we can say that English is a passport to a successful future.

95. Leisure Activities / Pastime (অবসরের কার্যক্রম)

Leisure plays a very significant role in the life of a man. During leisure a man does not generally do any income generating work. But leisure does never mean idleness. Leisure suggests a period when a man is not bound to do any scheduled job. In a leisure period a man can do some interesting things. Some people enjoy hearing music. There are some other people who enjoy gardening or reading books. Actually leisure is very stimulating for creativity. A man can easily flourish his creativity by doing some interesting things in his leisure time. Actually leisure provides a man with ample scope to have the refreshment of mind and achieve the sanity. It gives a man enthusiasm for further work. In many developed countries leisure activities are, given special importance. In Germany there is a German Leisure Association. In Bangladesh the rural people enjoy gossipping during their leisure time. But in the busy cities people pass their leisure by watching television. However, leisure is part and parcel of our daily life. So it should be used properly.

96. Sound Pollution (শব্দ দূষণ)

Sound pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise. According to the UN, the normal tolerance limit of sound is 45 decibels. When the vibration of sound is at a tolerable, pleasant level, it is simply called sound. But when it is sharp and harsh to the ears, it becomes noise. It may harm the activity of human life. The source of most outdoor noise is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains. Poor urban planning may give rise to sound pollution. Side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. The Indoor, noise is caused by machines, building activities, music performances, and especially in some workplaces. Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound can damage psychological health. High noise levels can contribute to hearing loss, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure coronary artery disease etc. Many developed countries are trying to control sound pollution by careful town planning and developing public awareness. In Holland schools are not allowed near airports and houses which are situated near airports are provided with special types of insulation to limit the sound heard inside the building.

97. Environment [Ctg. B. 2004]

The environment refers to the air, water and land in which people, animals, and plants live. So human beings, animals, plants, air, water and soll, the natural forces such as storms, cyclones and earthquakes and climate make up the environment. All things that make up the environment are interrelated. The way in which people, animals and plants are related to each other and to their surroundings is known as ecology. The ecosystem is a complex web that links animals, plants and every other life form in the biosphere. All these things hang together. The system is in a steady state of dynamic balance. If the relationship is disturbed, it affects all the other parts. For example, the destruction of forests may have serious ecological consequences on humans and animals. To make life healthy and comfortable ecological balance is necessary. We can maintain ecological balance by doing wise things. It is our duty to prevent the environment from being spoilt.

98. Environment Pollution [D. B. 2019, Dnj. B. 2023, Ctg. B. 2023]

Nowadays environment pollution is one of the most talked of topics of the world. Our environment is polluted in two ways-air pollution and water pollution. Air is polluted in many ways. Smoke pollutes air. Man makes fire to cook his food, to make bricks, melts pitch for road construction and burns wood. All these things produce heavy smoke and this smoke pollutes air. Railway engines, mills and factories and power houses use coal and oil. Buses, trucks and cars use petrol and diesel. Again all these things cause air pollution. Water is polluted in many ways. Farmers use chemical fertilizers and insecticide in their lands to grow more food. The rain and floods wash away some of the chemicals. They get mixed with canal water and river water. Mills and factories pollute water by throwing the waste materials and unsold products into the rivers and canals. Steamers, launches and even sail boats pollute water by throwing oil, food waste and human waste into the big canals and rivers. Unsanitary latrines in the countryside standing on the banks of the rivers and canals also pollute water. Thus air and water are polluted and as a result our environment gets polluted.

99. Global Warming [R. B. 2023]

In recent years, there have been many alarming reports that the world's climate is undergoing a significant change. All these reports provide strong evidence that world temperatures are increasing day by day. This increase is known as global warming caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the earth. Most climatologists believe that the 'greenhouse effect is the most likely cause of this global warming. Climatologists predict that by midway through the next century temperatures may have risen by as much as 4°C. This could catastrophically reduce mankind's ability to grow food, destroy or severely damage wildlife and wilderness, raise sea levels and thereby flood coastal areas and farmland. The alarming news about Bangladesh is that as a result of the rise of the sea level the lower southern part of the country may one day go under water. The main culprits for global warming are carbon dioxide gas, produced by the burning of fossil fuels and forests and pollutants such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. We can prevent by being careful and raising public awareness.

100. Green House Effect (গ্রীন হাউস ইফেক্ট)

Green house effect is a threat for the existing human beings, animals, plants and above all, all the phenomena of the world. It is associated with the global warming. The temperature of the world is increasing gradually. Carbon dioxide is the main culprit which is being deposited gradually in the atmosphere. It is generally produced when the fossil fuel is burnt. Carbon dioxide entraps the heat in the atmosphere. As a result, the temperature of the world is on the increase. CFC contributes devastatingly to the green house effect. The refrigerator which is used in our daily life is also producing CFC. CFC is also used in manufacturing goods, packaging commercial products, in aerosol etc. This CFC is responsible to a great extent for green house effect. The adverse effect of the green house is very disastrous. It is feared that by the mid century the world temperature will increase 4 degree Celsius. The polar ice caps have started to melt. Sea level is rising. Consequently the lower regions of the world will go under water, and the southern regions of Bangladesh will also go under water. This catastrophic disaster must be checked. It is to be done to save our existence.

101. Climate Change (জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন) [Dnj. B. 2016, Dnj. B. 2019, J. B. 2024]

 

Climate change has become an alarming term in modern days. Due to environment pollution climate of the whole world is going through an alarming change. Poor and developing countries are now blaming industrially developed countries for destroying the harmony of climate. Increase of burning of fossil fuel has been responsible for the rise of temperature. As the temperature of the world is rising and the Ozone layer is decaying, our world is becoming a gas chamber. Ice capes of polar regions are melting. Sea level, consequently is rising. Hence, coastal areas are going under water. The alarming news for Bangladesh is that the southern part of the country will one day go under the sea. It has already been seen that our southern part is losing its fertility. Cultivable land is becoming salty and earth is becoming barren. Many species have already been extinct and some are on the verge of extinction. Ecological balance is now facing catastrophe. Natural calamities are visiting us frequently. To tackle this adverse situation we have to plant more trees and find out alternative source of fuel. In this regard, rich countries must come forward. Otherwise our planet will face doomsday very soon.

102. Your Favourite Personality (Zahir Raihan)

Everybody imitates his or her favourite personality to build up his/her own dream, career and personality. I have also my favourite personality. He is Zahir Raihan. Though I have not seen him in real life as I belong to the post Liberation War generation. I have read many things about him. His contribution to our Liberation War has enthralled me. He was born orң 19 August 1935 in the village of Majupur, in Feni district. He was an active worker of the language movement. While he was a student he joined the procession of our language movement despite a ban on such activities. Though he was arrested several times for such kind of activities, his spirit never faded. He took an active part in the mass movement in 1969. In 1971, he joined the Liberation War. His dream of a free country always inspired me. He made films on real incidents highlighting the savagery of the Pakistan army and made people well aware of our great sacrifice in the Liberation War. Very unfortunately this great intellectual and patriotic hero was captured and killed after the independence. His dream, personality, uncompromising spirit always inspire me. Hence, he is my favourite personality, it is my unadulterated belief that his personality is really imitative to the present generation.

103. World Heritage Sites of Bangladesh

Properties of cultural and natural heritage of a member country are inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List. At present, we have three World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh. They are Historic Mosque City of Bagherhat, Ruins of the Buddhist Bihara at Paharpur and the Sundarbans. First two sites were enlisted in 1985 as cultural heritages while the third one was included in 1997 as natural heritage. Member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that the World Heritage Committee may consider for nomination to the World Heritage list. Nominations for the list are only accepted if the site was previously included in the tentative list. As of 2014, Bangladesh has 5 sites. in the tentative list. The sites are Halud Bihara, Jaggadala Bihara, Lalbagh Fort, Mahansthangarh and its Environs, the Lalmai-Mainamati Group of Monuments. All these were submitted in 1999 as cultural heritage. When any site enters into the World Heritage Sites, it gains an international recognition and attention. The government and other socio-cultural organizations should come forward to take our cultural and natural heritage to the world community.

 

104. Facebook (ফেসবুক) [Ctg. B. 2017, J. B. 2019]

Facebook is an internet based social network connecting to people worldwide and everybody having internet connection may have access to it. Facebook nowadays contributes much to maintain social and friendly relationship between people living far and near. Any person wishes to be a facebook member needs first to have an internet connection and then to sign up with personal details and secret passwords to ensure privacy and security. Any person can search their friends as well as near and dear ones on-line and can send invitation. If the Invitation is once accepted they become friends in terms of facebook and can share everything of each other stored in their facebook. Facebook allows us to make numerous albums and upload photos and documents and make friendship with a lot of people. Any facebook member can write comments on their status, on other member's status and photos etc. Facebook provides on-line chatting as well. With the help of facebook we can easily find out our long lost friends as well as near and dear ones who are already Facebook members. It can be used to raise awareness and share news among the members. However, facebook has some disadvantages as well. Crooked people may upload obscene and objectionable photos and comments. Besides these negative aspects, facebook has brought a great change in modern civilization.

105. Computer (কম্পিউটার)

A computer is an electronic machine that can store, organize and find information, do calculations, play music and games and control other machines. It also can perform many other functions. It has no capacity to do anything by itself. It works on the basis of commands given by the operator. The invention of computer has a long history. It was not invented overnight. It took a long time and hard labour to invent computer. A computer has five major components. They are the input unit, the output unit, the memory unit, the control unit and the arithmetic unit. A computer performs three basic functions. Firstly, it receives data. Secondly, it processes data by various computations, and thirdly it emits data. It helps us doing our gigantic and complex works within a surprising short time. It can also help us finding out data and information. It has eased modern life to a considerable extent. We watch many recreational programmes on it at our leisure period. So, it helps us in many ways making our work easy and enjoyable. We can study computer at different institutions both at home and abroad. If we just want to know the elementary uses of computer, we can take the help of any renowned computer training centre. But if we want to have or gain a greater idea of computer, we should get ourselves admitted to a university to study computer science. Nowadays at every institutions, both govt, and non-govt., such as bank and insurance, commercial enterprises, retailers, offices, educational sectors, medical science etc., computer is a must. It is like Aladin's lamp. We cannot go a single moment without computers. It is now part and parcel of our daily life.

106. Internet (ইন্টারনেট) [R. B. 2019]

Internet is the latest discovery of science and the greatest advancement in the field of communication. It is the computerised process with telephone set. To get internet connection, it requires a modern telephone line and a different sort of software for using the network system. Like telephone number internet is maintained by its own number. There are two types of interriet. They are on-line internet and off-line internet. One can get internet connection from three networking systems. They are LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) and WAN (World Wide Area Network) Now-a-days an internet is of great use to us. It has made the world smaller and brought the world within our reach. We can get information on every matter within a very short time. It has widened our knowledge and made us more thirsty for the unknown. It is a miracle. It works like Aladin's magic lamp.

107. Uses and Abuses of Internet [Ctg. B. 2016, M. B. 2024]

We are living in the age of computers. There is almost no sector where computers are not being used. Exchanging of information and communication is its outstanding contribution. Internet is its networks that connect millions of computers worldwide. It is a gateway for people. Not only in the field of information and communication, it also plays a significant role in trade and commerce. Internet based e-commerce has become very popular all over the world. It gives customers the opportunity to buy thing without going to market. Besides these, students and teachers can easily get necessary information through internet. They can read books without going to library. Moreover, economists, doctors and other professionals use internet for their professional interest. But it is not without abuse. Many people abuse this blessing by placing information or data that is unacceptable such as pornography. Some others may use it for fraud or theft. Moreover, by using the internet excessively and doing chatting with some unknown people just for fun, the youngsters waste their valuable time and harm their eyesight. They also indulge in mischief, which may harm their morals.But internet can become a blessing if it is used rationally and for good purposes.

108. E-mail for Students of Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশের ছাত্রদের জন্য ই-মেইল)

The world is getting so smaller and smaller with the blessing of science. Now a man from one part of the world can communicate with a person of another part of the world within a second. E-mail has made this process easier. E-mail. Communication is the latest invention in the communication system. It helps all classes of people. Students are much benefited from e-mail. But in Bangladesh this facility hasn't reached all the students for want of computer. If the e-mail facilities can be given to all the students, they will get sufficient usefulness from it. They will be able to get important information from any library of any places both home and abroad. Then he will be able to do his library work without going to the library. The students will be able to discuss any of their difficult lessons with teachers sitting at home. He will also be able to discuss his difficult lessons with his friends. To increase general knowledge a student can communicate with the authorities of newspaper, radio and television. Besides, e-mail can help a student in his personal matters. Through e-mail he can easily contact with his friends and relatives. Thus e-mail is very useful for a student.

109. Information Technology (তথ্য প্রযুক্তি)

 

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store. retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. It also means other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Electronic computers began to appear in the early 1940s. Digital networks operáte upon Information technology. With the development of hi-tech communication media the world has come closer. We can now learn in an instant what is happening in the farthest corner of the world. There are a wide variety of advantages of information technology in education today. Technology can benefit, enrich and deepen basic skills of students. By allowing students, it helps them to grow-up and become computer literate adults. This computer literacy helps young adults to obtain knowledge in a wide variety of fields. This usage helps to create a nation which is educated and successful. An important advantage of Information technology is its ability to reduce the consumption of paper in the office. Internal memos and reports can be exchanged electronically without using paper. Being a computer-based messaging system, files prepared on computers can be instantly copied and easily exchanged. This facility has the potential of improving office efficiency considerably. However Information technology has brought about a revolutionary change in the modern world of communication.

110. A Bus Stand

A bus stand is a place where service buses stop and start from. After a fixed time a good number of up and down buses touch at a bus stand at different hours of the day and night. In cities there are sheds for passengers at a bus stand. It is a temporary shelter for passengers. Passengers wait for some time to get on a bus. In some bus stands there are counters for tickets. Passengers stand in a line for buying tickets. Sometimes there is exchange of hot words if anybody breaks the line.. A bus stand is a busy place. One bus comes and another starts for. The passengers coming here have no time to talk or to look at others. When a bus comes or starts for, passengers become busy in procuring a seat. They push one another to get into it. Ladies find it too difficult to get on a bus. The drivers and conductors are also very busy. Their shouts are heard. They try to get as many passengers as they can. Generally a bus is always Jampacked and it is more jampacked during office hours. So very few people can get into it. A bus stand is always noisy. There are road-side tea-stalls, small shops, hawkers selling betel leaf and cigarette at a bus stand. Magazines and seasonal fruits are also sold here. It is a useful place indeed.

111. A Railway Porter

A railway porter is a person who carries goods in a railway station. A railway porter is quite a known figure in the railway station. He wears on his arm a brass plate given to him by the railway authority. The brass plate bears his number. He is swift in his movement. He is strong and stout. He is able to carry heavy loads. He carries luggage. He loads and unloads the goods train. A railway porter is very clever. He can easily exploit the passengers. When a passenger falls into trouble and becomes helpless for his heavy luggage, a porter demands a higher charge. He is ill-tempered and quarrelsome. He likes to bargain with the passengers for his charge. If any passenger brings charges against him of his misbehaviour, the passenger is sure to be harassed by the porter and his associates. The incorne of a railway porter is very low. Yet he renders a great service to people.

112. A Railway Station

A' railway station is part and parcel of train communication of a country. It is a place where trains stop and start from. There is a platform here. Passengers get down and get into a train from a railway station. The buildings of a station are generally made of red bricks. One can see from a distance the green, red and blue signal and painted houses of a station. There are waiting rooms for male and female passengers. There are ticket counter, the booking office for goods, restaurants, book stall and station master's room etc. There are two or more railway tracks in every station. There are two signals-one inner and the other outer. Before the arrival of a train the pointsman gets them down. The pointsman moves with his red and green flags. There are stands for rickshaws, auto-rickshaws and other vehicles in a railway station.. Before the arrival of a train passengers stand in a line to buy their tickets. When a train arrives, the station becomes busy and noisy. When a train leaves the station, it again becomes calm and quiet.

113. A Rickshaw Puller

The man who pulls a rickshaw for money is a rickshaw puller. A rickshaw puller is quite familiar in cities and towns. He lives in a slum. His dress is very shabby. His income is very poor. He supports his family through much hardship. He has no rickshaw of his own. He toils hard. In all weathers good and bad he is seen carrying passengers. He bargains with his passengers. He demands more when the weather is very hot or foul. Sometimes he tries to cheat passengers. But most often he is cheated by passengers. A rickshaw puller is seen sleeping in his rickshaw beneath a tree or sitting idly in his rickshaw. Though he drives a rickshaw from morning till late night, he leads a very miserable life. His life is full of sorrows and sufferings. He can not enjoy peace and happiness. If he becomes sick, he can not drive his rickshaw and earn money. So he and his family starve. If he can earn more than his expectation, his face smiles. But this opportunity is very rare in his life.

114. Reckless Driving

The roads of Bangladesh are beset with problems. Reckless driving is one of them. Most of the drivers are not well trained. They are not well educated. They can somehow put their signature and read Bengali. They are indifferent to human life. They do not realise that life is more valuable than time. They drive desperately. They do not drive consciously. Even they themselves are not conscious of their own life. They change lanes frequently. They do not follow traffic signals. They drive in a zigzag course and try to overtake others. As a result road accidents take place frequently. Everyday we see the news of many road accidents on TV and in the newspaper. Every year reckless driving takes a heavy tolls of life. We should make them understand that life is more valuable than time. We should tell them the consequerices of reckless driving. By raising their conscience reckless driving can be prevented and thus the number of road accidents and loss of life can be brought under control or can be reduced.

115. The War of Independence of Bangladesh [Ctg. B. 2023]

The name of our country is Bangladesh. Before 1971 it was known as East Pakistan. Then we were the part of then Pakistan. They oppressed us in many ways. They did not give our rights. On 25th March 1971 the barbarous Pakistani army invaded our mother land. They killed thousands of men and women and injured a lot. Many women were tortured. But people could not bear it any more. They made themselves ready to protect the invaded army. Many common people, with the help of Indian government, fought against them. They fought for independence. So it is war of independence of Bangladesh. After nine months hard struggle, Bangladesh emerged as an independent country. But it took lives of more than thirty lakh of people. Hundreds of intellectuals of the country were killed. Hundreds of villages were razed to the ground and a large number of schools and colleges were destroyed. Our roads, railways, water-ways and air-ways were disrupted. Now we are a free nation and 26 March is our independence day. It is a red letter day in our national history. We celebrate the day every year in the country with great enthusiasm and fervour. It is a national holiday. The day begins with 31 gunshots. Early in the morning the President and the Prime Minister on behalf of the nation place floral wreaths at the National Musolium at Savar. People from all walks of life also come there with rallies and processions. The country also witnesses a smartly dressed parade of various defense forces and different cultural programmes. Special prayers are offered at different mosques, temples and churches for the martyrs of the war of independence. In the evening, all major public buildings are illuminated with colourful lights.

116. Your Mother

My mother is an ideal housewife of fifty. She comes of a respectable Muslim family. She is very polite, affectionate and intelligent. She manages the family very nicely. She does every household work. She takes great care of all of us. She loves me very dearly. She is ready to sacrifice her own happiness for my happiness. She hopes to see me happy even at the cost of her own life. She holds my good above everything in the world. Her anxiety knows no bounds if I fall ill. She does not enjoy a wink of sleep. But her face beams with joy when I come round. My mother is very religious. She says her prayers five times a day. She is also very kind to the poor. She tries to help the poor as far as possible. My mother possesses a good sense of sanitation. She keeps our house neat and clean. She is a woman of delicate taste. She reads books when she gets time. She bears a good moral character. She advises us to follow the path of truth and honesty. She also advises us to be polite, gentle and modest. I hold my mother in profound respect. I am greatly indebted to my mother.

117. Good Health (C. B., 2009, D. B. 2004)

Good health means soundness of body and mind. It keeps one fit and free from diseases. By observing certain rules, one can keep good health. One is to take a balanced diet, drink pure water, take regular exercise and rest etc. He is also to observe the rules of cleanliness. Since most of the people of our country live below the poverty level, they do not get the food they need for good health. Even the rich and the educated people are not conscious of the rules of good health. They do not take a balanced diet because they think that costly food means a nutritive food. As a result most of the people of our country suffer from various complexities. These complexities bear harmful effect on our health like frustration, hopelessness etc. But only taking a balanced diet is not enough to keep good health. The person who is ambitious and runs after wealth cannot maintain a good health. By keeping simple and care free life one can lead a peaceful life.

118. Necessity of Sports [J. B. 2005, R. B. 2024]

Sports are very essential for us. There are various types of sports. Among them cricket, football, volleyball, swimming etc. are very popülar. All types of sports are beneficial to us. There is relation between the body and the mind "A sound mind in a sound body" is a wise saying. In order to win success in life we should have sound health which depends on regular participation in games and sports. Sports keep us physically fit. Sports exercise an important influence in forming one's personality. Another value of sports and games is that they are excellent means of recreation. Sports give fresh vigour and energy and make us forget our cares and anxieties. Sports also teach us coolness, courage and self control. I am fond of playing outdoor games especially football. Sports strengthen international brotherhood. The sports venue becomes a meeting place of people from different countries when people of different nations get together. On the occasion. of an international sporting event they come to close to each other sharing views, opinions and feelings.

119. Necessity of Education (R. B. 2005]

Education is essential to lead a happy, peaceful and prosperous life. It is needed to provide opportunities of growth and to overcome obstacle to progress. Education is compared to light which removes the darkness of ignorance and helps us distinguish between right and wrong. The task of education is to make a man a citizen-physically, mentally and morally and prepare him for a profession whereby he could earn his own livelihood and contribute to the society. It is one of the most important social phenomenon which makes sure that the individual is prepared from an early age to acquire values, knowledge and practical skills within a particular culture. Education helps a man keep pace with the people around the world. Thus education promotes understanding among people. Education contributes greatly towards change for the better. It is education which teaches a man to fight against all the problems of life. It helps overcome the obstacles that stand in the way to development.

120. Social Value (D. B. 2006)

Social values are the customs, belief, tastes, social practices and norms, and attitudes of a particular social community. Social value refers to the attitude or 'code of conduct' that an individual in certain society has to conform to. Social values determine course of social life of a person and regulate his or her life to a great extent. It is one's commitment to social values that one can not get involved in anti-social and criminal or notorious activities. Social values direct an individual to maintain social harmony, to conform to what is accepted by majority of the society, and refrain him or-hier from doing such things those are destructive to social peace and order. In the past social values were very compact and rigid and every individual tried best to maintain or conform to that values. But now people are unconscious and sometimes callous to social values. Lust, greed for money and power, injustice and discrimination in society, excessive desire or mania to achieve something illegally and unfairly, and desire for materfal gain are the causes of present degradation of social values. As a result we observe degradation of social values in our society. Violation and degradation of social values have adverse effects in the society. As we see around us that youngers don't show any respect to their superiors, family ties breakdown, often a family disintegrates, children go astray, young people become drug addicted, or get involved in various anti-social and immoral activities. These are all signs of people's loss of the sense of morality of ethics resulting from social degradation. We, should be alert to preserve social values. To do so, we can develop intra-social relationship among its members, keep an eye on our youngers so that they are not derailed, and not allow any such things to happen that destroy people's morality and goad them to do unsocial and anti-social things.

121. The 21st February

The 21st February is a red letter day in our history. It is observed as the Shaheed Day or Mother Language Day. Throughout the year of 1952 the students and general people of the then East Pakistan protested against the adamant declaration of the Pakistani leaders that "Urdu shall be the only state language of Pakistan." The Bangalis opposed and protested this unjust imposition and denial of the status of their mother language. They demanded for Bangla to be given the status of the state language. Their protests culminated on 21 February 1952 when the police fired on a procession brought by the students at Dhaka University campus. Some of valiant souls Rafiq, Jabbar, Salam, Barkat were killed. They are the first martyrs in the world for the cause of language. This blood-shedding is the historical 21st February. Since then the day is being observed as Shaheed Dibash. Through their sacrifices and blood, the martyrs brought home their demand for the status of Mother Language. In recognition of the struggle and sacrifices of the heroic Bangalis, and to promote and sustain every language in the world the UNESCO declared 21st February as International Mother Language Day in 1999. Since then the day is observed with honour and solemnity throughout the world.

122. Satellite TV Channels (B. B. 2006]

Television channels broadcast by the use of satellite is called Satellite TV channels. There is no unmixed blessing on earth. Everything has its dark side. Despite the dark side of the programmes of satellite TV, it is beneficial. Some channels cause cultural decay and moral degradation by telecasting obscene and violent movies, music, dance and song. Young people most often watch the exciting films on violence and crime. They also see the obscene films. All these things leave a damaging effect on their soft mind. If once bad things lay root deeply in their soft mind, it will remain in their mind. We can enrich and foster our national culture by telecasting programmes enriched with our own age old traditional social values instead of frequent telecast of satellite cultural programmes. We should try to imitate what is good in satellite culture and give up what is bad there.

123. Female Education

[Ctg. B. 2012, S.B. 2013, Dnj. B. 2017. HSC Exam. 2018]

In our county the condition of the female education in the poor family is frustrating. When a girl is born in a poor family, it is not regarded as a happy event. They think that she has come to add to the sufferings to her parents. They seldom think of sending her to school. They think that educating their daughters is just wasting of time. The parents try to find a husband for his daughter even before they attain physical and mental maturity. Some people strongly oppose female education. They only believe in women's traditional role of a mother, a wife and a home maker. These barriers in the way of female education are to be changed. Women are nowadays as important as men in society. They constitute nearly half of our total population. So there can be no denying the fact that they too possess equal rights and duties as men do. They have noble missions to fulfill as men. If they get opportunity, their genius, powers and capacities will bloom fully. No nation can make real progress keeping a full half of its population in the dark. Without the uplift of women, the progress of the nation is not at all possible. Again without education women can not be elevated. Mothers women play an important part in moulding the character of their children. There is a saying in English that the hands that rock the cradle rule the world. So every woman is a potential mother. The future of a child depends on how it is brought up and educated in childhood. Naturally an educated mother is expected to bring up and educate her children better than an uneducated mother. All necessary steps should be taken to encourage the people especially the poor and uneducated people to give their girl children education. They should be made conscious of the Importance of female education. The poor children should be helped economically so that they can continue their study.

124. Festivals in Bangladesh

Festivals have always been integral parts of our tradition and cülture. We have a number of national festivals and we celebrate them throughout the year with traditional festivities. People from all walks of the society take part in these festivals with national fervour. Independence Day and International Mother Language Day are the two most important national festivals which are related to our history of Independence and the Language Movement. 26 March is the Independence Day and it is the biggest national festival of our country. On this day we remember the martyrs who sacrificed their lives for our freedom by offering floral wreaths at the National Mausoleum. 21 February is the International Mother Language Day and it is celebrated all over the world to remember the language martyrs and give equal importance to all languages. The national festivals which are related to our religions are Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Durga Puja, Christmas, Buddha Purnima etc: Although these festivals are related to different religions, they are declared as public holidays and people enjoy them with religious harmony. Pahela Baishakh (the first day of Bangla New Year) on 14 April, Birth anniversary of the noble laureate Rabindranath Tagore on 25 Baishakh and that of the National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam on 11th Jaystha are observed throughout the country as national festivals. We also observe some other national festivals relating to our culture and tradition.

125. The Victory Day of Banglades

The 16th December is a red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. On this day we achieved victory at the cost of a bloody battle and Bangladesh came into being and occupied a place in the world map as an independent country. Every year we observe this day with great solemnity. We remember the supreme sacrifice of the heroic sons who died for the country and pay glowing tribute to their departed soul. The day begins with gun shot. The whole country wears a festive look. The national flag is hoisted on the top of each house. Many meetings, seminars, symposiums and discussions are held. People of all walks of life go to the national mausoleum and offer flowers there as a symbol of profound homage to the martyred valiant soldiers. This day is a day of great joy, hope and Inspiration. This victory symbolizes victory against injustice tyranny and falsehood.

126. Bangladesh at a Glance (একনজরে বাংলাদেশ)

(R. B. 2011, S. B. 2011, Ctg. B. 2011, Dnj. B. 2011, В. В. 2003)

Bangladesh is one of the South Asian nations in the world map. It is surrounded by India by three sides and one side by Myanmar. It became independent in 1971 through a bloody war of nine months. Dhaka is the capital of it. Its land area is 1,47,570 square kilometers and its population is about 160 million. It is a land of rivers. The big rivers are the Padma, the Meghna, The Jamuna, The Kornofull etc. Its soil is very fertile. Different kinds of crops like rice, jute, wheat, potatoes, tea and many kinds of fruits like mango, Jackfruit, pine-apple and other juicy fruits are grown here. Different communities live here in peace and happiness. The natural scenery of our country is very charming and it assumes in different colors in different seasons. Bangladesh is a darling child of nature. Nature has decorated our country with her beauty and glamour. We have lots of tourist spots and attractive places like Cox's Bazar, the Sundarbans, Paharpur, Foyes-lake, Kuakata etc. We have glorious past and cultural heritage. As no other country in the world is as beautiful as our loving country, I love my country very much and feel proud of it.

127. Importance of Education (শিক্ষার গুরুত্ব)

Education is the backbone of a nation. It is a formal process of institutional learning. Education is very much essential for the development of mind, body and soul. It makes one fit to meet challenges. Obviously, education removes the darkness of ignorance. An il'iterate person is unable to gain bookish knowledge from different sources that an educated person can do. An ignorant person is always a burden to a society. He cannot make the right choice to go ahead. He does not acquire the abilities to earn enough for his living. He always takes help of others to do any kind of tasks. On the other hand, the door of knowledge is open to an educated person. Actually education promotes our personality. It teaches us patience and universal brotherhood. It also provides us with the knowledge of health, sanitation and population control. It enhances our ability to raise crops, increase industrial production, store food, protect the environment and carry out social responsibilities. We become conscious of our duties and responsibilities. It brings national prosperity. It makes the people responsible citizens. But we have to be more conscious of getting proper education. Agriculture will lag behind. Thus it is only education through which a nation can reach the highest point of prosperity.

128. Importance of Reading Newspaper (সংবাদপত্র পাঠের গুরুত্ব)

Man is naturally curious to know about various events of the world. The newspaper is the best medium to satisfy this curiosity. It is a paper that carries news to us. It tells us what is happening at home and abroad. It is the storehouse of knowledge and information. A newspaper is the supplier of all sorts of news and views. Merchants read the paper to know market conditions. Sportsmen amuse themselves with sports-news. A professor or a teacher gathers news and views on literary topics. Statesmen keep themselves informed of the diplomacy of the world. Newspapers have also corners for children and women. Students read newspaper to supplement the education that they receive at schools and colleges. It is our good companion in our solitary hours or in a railway compartment. It brings sleep on the wakeful eyes of the sick. A Newspaper is the powerful instrument of publicity. Railway timings, government notifications, laws and bills and projects are given publicity through newspaper. A newspaper serves the nation. It helps the growth of public opinion and voices public grievances. A newspaper helps the government in various ways. But the newspaper is not an unmixed blessing. A newspaper guided by passions and prejudices, does a lot of, mischief. However, newspaper has made the world smaller and helps one nation to understand the other. Thus it champions the cause of equality; liberty and fraternity.

 

129. Reading Books

Of all the hobbies and pastimes, book reading is the best. Other hobbies give us temporary pleasure. Book reading permanently, enriches both temporally and spatially. Books align one with the past, with the tradition thus forms the basis of an individual talent to face the challenges that he may encounter to exist and establish himself. Even an ordinary man may immensely be benefited by a book. For that one needs to expand his area of interest. Literature has a universal appeal so literary compositions may attract all equally. Exceptionally people of other disciplines also may be attracted by books on philosophy, history, psychology, anthropology, politics, economics even medical science. It depends upon a man's interest and inquisition. Charles Darwin, Gregor Mandel were clergies by profession but they are the founders of modern biological sciences. Had they not been inquisitive, studious many branches of biological and social sciences would have remained poverty ridden yet today. What Francis Bacon told about book reading five hundred years ago, it is equally true till today. Book reading makes a man perfect, complete in personality, if read extensively within a man's area of interest even beyond his area of interest.

130. Natural Calamities in Bangladesh (B. B. 2008, J.B. 2014)

Natural calamity means natural disaster which is caused by nature. Every year Bangladesh falls victim to various natural calamities. They are flood, earthquakes and many other natural calamities. The effects of the natural calamities beggar description. They leave a vast trail of devastation. The affected people and animals suffer untold sufferings. They cause heavy damage to our life and properties. Houses are destroyed, cattle are washed away, crops are greatly damaged and trees are uprooted. Thousands of people and other animals remain without food for many days. The after effect of some natural calamities are more serious. Famine breaks out. Many people and animals die for want of food. The prices of all necessary things go up. Many dangerous diseases like cholera, typhoid and dysentery etc. break out in an epidemic form. By raising public awareness and taking necessary precautionary measures and steps natural calamities can be prevented. The government and all the conscious citizens of our country should come forward with concerted efforts to prevent natural calamities.

131. The significance of the Shaheed Minar (D.B. 2009)

The Central Shaheed Minar was built to make the memory of the martyrs immortal (অমর করার জন্য) who laid down their lives in 1952 in the historical language movement for the cause of our mother tongue. The significance of the Shaheed Minar in our national life is very great. It symbolises all the aspirations (উৎদ্দীপনা) of Bengali identity and nationalism (জাতীয়তা). It has been designed to focus the language movement as the central concept. The basic horizontal and vertical forms of the Shaheed Minar express the concept of Bengali solidarity and unity for our national identity (জাতীয় সত্তার জন্য). The vertical lines of the design suggest the inner strength of the nation and the four columns on both sides of the central structure suggest the balance and harmony of a united stand. Thus the Shaheed Minar is not a mere mausoleum but it symbolises our national hope and inspiration.

132. Globalisation (C.B. 2013)

'Globalisation' has become a buzzword in the new era of international relations. Basically, it is a process of expanding trade and commerce all over the world by creating a borderless market. But it has had a far reaching effect on many aspects of life. With the development of sophisticated communications media, rapid technological progress, and rapid transportation facilities, the world has come closer. We can now learn in an instant what is happening in the farthest corner of the world and travel to any country in the shortest possible time. Countries of the world are like families in a village. They can even share their joys and sorrows like next-door neighbours. If one country is in distress, others can immediately come to its assistance. If we can build up an atmosphere of mutual understanding and co-operation through this globalisation process, our world could certainly be a better place to live in. But globalisation has its demerits too. The gap between wealth and poverty is ever widening. Globalisation has put the people of the world on the same vessel but in different cabins. Only a trifling minority are travelling in luxurious cabins furnished with all modern amenities. They have access to nutritious food, pure drinking water, sophisticated medicare and a life of luxury. But the overwhelming majority are travelling in the third class decks and are suffering from hunger and disease. Globalisation can bring happiness to everyone only when all passengers of the ship can travel in the same class of cabins in conditions of solidarity equity and justice.

133. Leisure [C. B. 2003]

Leisure means time free from work or other activities. According to me a man should enjoy leisure. Otherwise life will be meaningless. Routine work makes life boring and monotonous. So leisure is essential to enjoy life. Village and city people have their own way of spending their leisure. Village people spend their leisure mostly by gossipping. When they get much lelsure, they visit their relatives. They also spend their leisure by taking part in rural cultural activities such as Jatra. Jarigan sarigan kabigan etc. Today they listen to radio and watch television. They also spend their leisure by arranging football tournaments and horse race, boat race etc. City people have ample opportunity to spend their leisure. They watch TV, listen to music, read books, visit the important places of the city, go to park, zoo, clubs, cinema halls and do many other activities. The common pastimes are listening to radio and watching TV. Since travelling is a part of education, I put much Importance on travelling. It helps us to see the unseen and know the unknown.

134. My visit to a zoo [B. В. 2004]

During the last winter vacation, I along with a few friends went to visit our National Zoo. It is located at Mirpur. It is the biggest zoo in our country covering a huge area. I saw there many kinds of birds and animals. But the birds and animals that drew my attention most were tigers, lions, elephants, monkeys, dear etc. At first I went into the shed in which the monkeys were. Before I could get near them I could hear their chattering. They were jumping from one bar to another. I liked their performances and gave them a whole bunch of plantains. My attention was next drawn to the cage in which there were two big snakes. They seemed to be asleep. The sight of the snakes made my blood creep. I then saw some deer whose beautiful eyes attracted me. I turned away from them to the place where the tigers were held in a cage. They greeted me and many others with loud growls. They impressed me with their majesty. I felt rather happy when I visited the birds. They were of various colours and shapes. They were large in number. They attracted me most. I saw two crocodiles kept in a small pond. I also saw a gorilla. I also visited some other beasts and water animals. I spent several hours. There were some fast food shops. I took light refreshment. The environment was calm and quiet. The natural scenery of our national zoo is very beautiful. I was beside myself with joy. It was one of the most memorable days in my life. I bore the visit in my heart.

135. Gender Discrimination (B. B. 2012)

Gender discrimination in Bangladesh begins at birth. In our country women are the worst sufferers. Social prejudices and customs tend to degrade their position. When a female child is born, it is not regarded as a happy event. She is not welcomed with the deep warmth of heart. Instead of being delighted the male members think that she has come to add to their misery. Even the mother of the female child is not welcomed cordially for giving birth a female child. Rather she is held in great contempt. Obviously there are many reasons behind this social superstition. First of all she is regarded as a liability to be got rid of as soon as possible. Her marriage drives her parents mad for our evil dowry system. Her parents try to find a husband for her even before she attains physical and mental maturity. Her marriage may cost her parents a heavy amount of money. Religious misinterpretation and social structures discourage often prevent girls from going to co-education schools. This problem can not be solved over night. To solve this problem our outlook towards the girls should be changed. We should realize that women are equal partners to men. They should be made self sufficient by giving them proper education and employment. They should be provided the same type of food as are given to male children. Early marriage should be stopped.

136. Gender Equality[D. B. 2012]

Gender equality means the equal treatment both to male and female. It also means the equal rights enjoyed both by the male and female. There can be no denying the fact of its importance. If a female is not ensured equal rights, her sufferings know no bounds. Development of the country can not be thought of if the rights of the females are not ensured. So the Importance of gender equality can not be denied. To speak the very truth the condition of gender discrimination is very vulnerable. In Bangladesh gender discrimination begins at birth. A girl is born to an unwelcome world. It is thought that she has come to this world to add miseries to her family. She is confined within the four walls of the house. She has to do all household work. She is deprived of all rights. She lives at the mercy of other people. She is considered to be burden for her family. Gender equality is not maintained at all in Bangladesh. Ignorance, prejudice, religious misinterpretation, social values and outlook are the social barriers to gender equality. There are many other reasons which are responsible for gender inequality. Society, ignorant people and uneducated parents are responsible for these barriers. Women constitute half of our total population. So keeping half of our generation in the darkness the development of the country can not be thought of. So gender equality is related to the overall development in our country. To ensure gender equality first of all females should have the right to receive education. There should be no distinction between the male and the female. Allah Himself has drawn no distinction between the male and the female. The females should be guaranteed equal rights. They should not be deprived of any right. Prejudices should be uprooted. Social outlook towards female should be changed. Religious mis-interpretation (ধর্মীয় অপব্যাখ্যা) should be abolished. Early marriage should be stopped. If we can do all these things, gender equality can be ensured in Bangladesh.

137. Road Accident [R. B. 2016, D. B. 2017, S. B. 2023]

Road accident is an ever raising trend in Bangladesh. We see the news of road accident almost everyday in daily newspapers. Carelessness is one of the causes-of road accidents in our country. It includes using mobile phone while the vehicle is moving, driving the vehicle ignoring traffic signal, etc. Lack of experience and licencing untrained drivers are also major causes of rising accidents rate in this country. In addition, some drivers are more concerned of getting to their destination than of how they would get there. These drivers violate every rule just to get to where they are going. The effects of road accidents are enormous. More than 4,000 people die on roads every year in Bangladesh. Many people become the victim of temporary and permanent injuries. Besides these physical damages, it sucks billions out of Bangladesh's economy. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), road accident injuries cause a loss of about 2% of GDP in Bangladesh. This is almost equal to the total foreign aid received in a fiscal year. The losses include direct and indirect expenses, such as medical costs, insurance loss, property damage, family income losses and traffic congestion. So, it is high time we did something to prevent road accident.

138. Rumour

Rumour is a story or piece of information that people talk much about. In the social sciences, a rumor involves a form of a statement whose veracity is not quickly or ever confirmed. In other words, rumour is usually unverified. But is so powerful that it can easily pass from person to person. It sets in confusion among the people. It frequently starts from a fact but finally it turns out to be fictitious. Once it gains momentum, it goes on unchecked. Immense is the power of rumour. It spreads very quickly because people show interest in it. Even they tend to believe in a rumour easily. Sometimes it leads to dire consequence. It damages one's reputation, incites people to violence or creates confusion and misunderstanding. Sometime it poses a great threat to social security. In every society there are rumour mongers. These people are just like us but they like to exaggerate, distort or falsify the fact. In any case rumour is harmful. The modern means of communication add gravity to rumour. Moreover, mass media often indulge in rumour. It is our duty to be sensible and judge everything in the light of fact and reason.

139. Food Adulteration [S. B. 2017, R. B. 2022]

A substance added to a food-item to reduce its quality in order to increase its quantity is called as an adulterant. This act of addition of the adulterant in food-items is known as food adulteration. The addition of adulterant may be intentional or accidental. But generally the adulterant addition is intentional. The major reason for the intentional addition of these adulterants is for increasing the profit margin on the expense of the health of the public or consumer. Food adulteration has become a new problem in the country. People do not bother what they are having as foods even they know that it may cause them much harm. Some adulterants enter via agricultural steps, as they are not cleaned well. These are visible adulteränts like stones, leaves, soil, sand and dust to name a few. The consumer can clean them and this makes it less harmful. Other adulterants that are intentionally added are invisible or they are made invisible by astutely camouflaging with the colour or texture. They are generally harmful for the health and most of them lead to serious health problems like cancer. However, there are hardly any food items from fish to meat, vegetables to milk; biscuits to juice that are not adulterated in one way or another. The hotels and restaurants are also serving these poisonous and unhealthy menus. Different reports show that adulterated foods are causing serious diseases including diarrhoea and dysentery round the year. And adulterant reduces the quality of the food and this weakens the health of the one who consumes them, thereby increasing the cost for healthcare. Regular intake of an adulterated food can lead to many health problems. From curable to incurable disorders and diseases can ruin one's lifestyle and life as well. Recently, the government and general public have been much worried about this issue. The government has set mobile courts to detect and punish dishonest people. And at least some steps are taken by the conscious people of the country. For example, they are trying to avoid some of these foods. But it is not enough. Both the government and public have to work together in order to eradicate this problem. Whatever remains the question and whatever the answer is, understood is the fact is that it's a social crime and many are in need of good health. Food adulteration increases the burden of health in the society. So it must be removed from the society.

140. My Country / Your Homeland [B. B. 2017]

Bangladesh is a small low-lying country in the south Asia on the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh became independent in 1971 at the cost of supreme sacrifice of many valiant sons. The ancient city Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. People of different religions live here. They are mostly Muslims. Hindus, Christians, Buddhists. People of different tribes also live here. Bangladesh has an age old tradition and customs. People observe different festivals on different occasions. The most common customs and traditions the people observe are Pahela Baishakh, Nabanna, Pahela Falgun etc. Since Bangladesh is the darling child of nature, she has got some attractive tourist spots which are full of natural scenic beauty. So the country has many tourist spots. They are Cox's Bazar sea beach, Kuakata, the Sundarbans, the Shatgombuj Mosque, the Buddhist Bihara etc.

Comparison & contrast

141. On-campus class and online class [D. B. 2022]

Or, Offline and Online class [S. B. 2022]

Education is the process by which our mind develops through formal learning at a school, college, or university. Today we can achieve this education through two ways, the very common and first one is on-campus classes and another is online classes. In Bangladesh, our education system is mainly based on on-campus classes. So, before the covid-19 pandemic, students were not used to online classes. However, both of them are distinctive in one way or the other. Online classes are a combination of video recordings and live lectures with course reading and tests. They are generally conducted using a virtual portal through which students, gather reading materials, interact with teachers and classmates, view grades, and monitor progress. While in on-campus classes, the teacher instructs the students in a physical classroom where everyone can see and talk to each other. There's more social interaction with the classes as they allow students to work or have activities in different groupings. This education setting is very common and most students are used to it. Again, in online classes, students have continuous access to the learning material, and learning can be done anywhere at any time. But on-campus classes have a fixed schedule and place. Sometimes it may not be convenient for students who also have to work and for students who live far away from the college or school. However, both online and on-campus classes have their fair share of pros and cons. All students need to do some deep thinking about what will be best for them.

142. City Life and Country Life [C. B. 2022, С. В. 2023, М. В. 2023]

Or, City Life and Rural Life (J. B. 2017, J. B. 2022, D. B. 2024]

People living in towns or cities are known as city life whereas country life means the life of the people living in the village. City life and country life are quite distinctive. Both have some different merits and demerits. Firstly, city life is a life of luxury and plenty whereas country life is simple. Secondly, city life is busy, competitive and noisy. Buses, trucks, cars and other vehicles always ply on and the industries make sound. On the other hand, country life is quiet and peaceful. There is no rush and hurry in the village. Thirdly, there are air pollution, water pollution and sound pollution in the city. But country life is free from all the three kinds of pollution. The air is fresh and clean in the village. Fourthly, city life offers greater modern facilities. In the city schools, madrashas and colleges offer better standard of education. There are universities and medical college in cities. There are scopes for trade, and commerce in cities. So, the standard of living in a city is higher than that in a village. City life offers scope for employment in the country but there is no scope of employment facilities in the village. However, city life and country life present two contrasting pictures. There are positive as well as negative aspects of both. Therefore, it is up to the individual to make the most of it irrespective of the country or urban setting that one lives in

143. High School Life and College Life

High school and college life are two distinct phases in the life of a student. High school life is a life of restrictions and control. This life is totally accountable to teachers and guardian for daily work. On the other hand, a college student enjoys greater freedom from control and supervision; he is, to a large extent, the master of his own destiny. Again, in high school, the students have fixed hours to attend their schools every day. They have to leave home at ten or eleven and return at four whereas in college, the hours of attendance vary. Sometimes, a student has a hard time in the morning to gulp his food; at others, he has enough time after a leisurely meal. On some days he returns early from college; or others, it is late evening. Also, in high school, the student has to prepare his daily lessons and may be taken to task for what he has left undone. But in college, he can do his lessons daily, or not at all. He is left to his own choice. However, all these differences between high school and college life develop different mental arid moral qualities. At high school, students acquire habits of discipline and regularity. They have to practice obedience. But at college, students are expected to develop a sense of responsibility and persorial initiative. Hence, both high school and college help a student choose the path he wants to go in the future. They help him realize his interests and potentials.

144. Fast Food and Home Cooking Food / Junk Food and Healthy Food [Ctg. B. 2024]

Food is the most important thing that keeps us alive. Fast food and home cooking food are two different kinds of foods. But there are many similarities between them. They both provide a variety of choices. There are a number of selections available in fast food restaurants as well as at home since we can't eat the same things on a daily basis. In addition, both types of food are often very delicious. Fast food has become more popularized all over the world as more people are taking their favours and home cooking meals can certainly be yummy since they are prepared and served in regards to individuals' taste. Despite the similarities, they also have some striking distinctions. One major difference concerns the speed of production. Fast food is clearly much faster than home cooking food as it is prepared by a lot of staffs at the same time. Secondly, home cooking food is greatly healthier than fast food due to frequent use of oil in the latter. It has been proved that uncontrolled use of oil in daily meals is the major cause of obesity, diabetes and many other kinds of diseases. On the otherhand home cooking meals usually contain more good nutrition than fast food. Another difference is convenience. Fast food is always already made and able to be carried everywhere while home cooking food can't be portable. However, fast food and home cooking meals are similar in many ways but very different in others.

145. Working at Home and Working in an Office

Working at home and working in an office are pretty opposite to each other. During the COVID pandemic, the culture of working in an office has tremendously changed. Working at home took the place of working in an office. However, both of them are distinctive in one way or the other. Working at home is the term used to describe the employees who perform their role from their house. apartment, or place of residence, rather than working in an office environment. They collaborate online using digital tools. On the other hand, working in an office means the physical collocation of employees in the office. In the broadest sense, employees of a company share a physical space, interact in-person, and commute from their homes to the workplace. Again, working at home is a relatively new mode of working where employees work remotely using company-approved assets. tools, and policies. It is motivating for employees since it allows more freedom and flexibility. On the contrary, in working in an office, employees work traditional work hours in their office space. They can socialize, exchange views with their colleagues, and develop their careers using this work mode. It can be challenging due to issues like transportation, expenses, stress, and less privacy and freedom. Thus, both home and office work have some advantages and disadvantages. Now the employers have to decide on how to best accommodate their employees. A mix of work-from-home and work-from-office is something we expect to see become a new norm in the world.

146. Buying Food and Growing Your Own Food

We cannot live without food. It satisfies our hunger and keeps us alive. It gives us energy to work. We get food either by buying or growing in our own garden. However, buying food is the process of purchasing food from various places of sales of food items usually open markets, supermarkets or groceries according to the needs of the number of people in the family and money at hand. But most of the buying foods lose some of the healthy nutrients in them after they have been picked. So, we fail to get the maximum possible health benefits from them. On the other hand, growing our own fruits and vegetables in a personal garden provides us with a very satisfying experience. The taste of the home-grown food is incomparable to those that are sold in the supermarket. Moreover, home-grown food helps us eat more fresh fruits and vegetables. Vegetables that ripen in the garden have more nutrients than some store-bought vegetables that must be picked early. So, there is possibility of obtaining the maximum health benefits from them. Again, buying food needs spending our money whereas home grown food certainly allows us for substantial savings and helps in the tougher economic times. So, if possible, it is better to grow our food in our garden and keep ourselves healthy.

 

147. E-book and paper text books

Books play a significant role in our life by delivering authentic information. They introduce us to a world of imagination, provide knowledge of outside world, improve our reading, writing and speaking skills. We all are quite accustomed with these books. These books are printed on paper and they have the text, images, etc. The pages of these books are bound together, and they have either a hardcover or paperback. However, e-books are a comparatively new concept. E-books is a digital or electronic books. They are formatted into file that can be read on an e-reader device or app. Nowadays e-books or electronic books are available and are being used everywhere. Many of the conventions of a paper text book are used in an e-book for example, cover, title page; copyright page, table of content, chapters, paragraphs, etc. Again, readers use paper text books and e-readers for the same purposes, that is, to study, relax, work, and learn some valuable information. Though e-books may be easier and faster to read, and paper text books are better for comprehension. The cost is another point of comparison. The money needed to afford a paper book is deliberately higher than that for an e-book. In conclusion, paper book and e-book have differences which could be advantages or disadvantages to individuals. Readers have the discretion to decide to use whether both materials or just one of them.

148. Vocational Education and Academic Education [R. B. 2024]

Education is a process of learning through which we acquire knowledge. It enlightens, empowers, and creates a positive development. It gives an individual the knowledge and skills to work. It aids the all-round mental, physical, and intellectual growth and development of an individual. Vocational education and academic education are two options available for a student. There are some similarities and differences between these two options. Vocational education is very much skill-oriented or job oriented. On the other hand, academic education is degree oriented. In academic education, one earns a higher degree such as BBA, MBA or any other higher degree but does not learn any sufficient skill to do things practically. As a result, someone who has academic education may not get any Job. He may remain unemployed and so may become a burden to his family. On the other hand, someone who has vocational education does not remain unemployed. If he does not get a job, he can be self-employed because he has required skills to earn something. Academic education only builds some office workers and officers while vocational education builds skilled workers and professionals. For a country's development vocational education is more necessary than academic education. But in Bangladesh, people still prefer academic education to vocational education. This attitude should be changed; otherwise, the development of our country will be hampered.

149. Parental Control and Complete Freedom

 Parental control and complete freedom are pretty opposite to each other. Parental control means thedirect supervision by a parent, guardian, or other designee or older of the parent or guardian while complete freedom refers to an absence of undue restrictions and an opportunity to exercise one's rights and powers. Both parental control and complete freedom are related to the way we behave with our children. In the past there were control and restriction on children. The children could not think of complete freedom. But if there is parental control, we probably know everything about our children. For example, where is he or she right now, who is her or his friend and so on? On the other hand, in complete freedom, there is lack of parental guidance. So, children may go astray. Again, if there is parental control, they cannot make a decision without their parents even when they grow up. But complete freedom makes the children self-reliant. They can make a decision without parental intervention. However, when children grow up, parents need to give them freedom to live their life as they want. It helps the children to learn and grow. At the same time, we must impose some restrictions to protect them from taking any wrong decisions or going the wrong way.

150. Family life and hostel life

Man is a social being and family is the smallest and most basic social unit and also the most important primary group found in any society. After the day's business, people come back to their houses to live peacefully with the family members. On the other hand, hostel is a place where learners stay away from parents and personal places. It is an important part of student life. Sometimes students need to live in a hostel when they go to a different city or away from their home to study. There are advantages and disadvantages in both ways of life. A hostel life is completely devoid of parental love and guidance that are available in the family life. In hostel life a student has to manage everything by himself and learn how to cope with the realities of life. But in a family. parents try to bring up their children in accordance with their wishes and Ideology. Moreover, in hostel life, a student gets ample time to read and learn and he can easily take others' help which are not available in a family life. A careful and conscious person can easily do well either living in a family or in a hostel.